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EN
The development of horse – drawn transport, and later the development of cartage meant that different groups of travelers started to participate in traffic. The size of vehicles, their engines’ power, diversity of facilities were the first elements of the division into ‘the better ones’ and ‘the worse ones’. This division already caused antagonisms that inspired aggression. The second group of factors generating aggression are differences in the level of road politeness. These became particularly visible especially after transport has become international, when the phenomenon of culture mixing appeared. Finally, the third group are psychological causes that are attached to participants themselves. Symbolic selection in driving tests candidates (or, very often, lack of such selection) leads to the situation when people with no imagination and no responsibility sit behind the wheel. Unfortunately, it is impossible to eliminate the influence of drivers’ personal experience and personal problems on road rage. The last factor that influences road rage is alcoholism of traffic participants.
EN
Even in the ancient times, the need to ensure the safety of human life and the willingness and the possibility of free movement of people with the simultaneous development of means of transport, was noticed by people responsible for the safety of other people. There, where danger was noted, the rules for moving along the routes were gradually introduced. These rules were applied to pedestrians and riders, and later they were adapted to the development of communication technology and they also concerned people using mechanical and non-mechanical vehicles. The sustainable development of technologies related to the road traffic, combined with the rule of adapting the regulations defining the principles of moving on the roads and at the same time ensuring safety for all road users, continues to this day. The constant need to improve the road infrastructure or the need and possibility of free movement is reflected in the revisions of road traffic regulations, which not only ensure our safety at the present time, but also impose obligations on us. The need to make revision of the regulations, resulting from continuous safety analyses, shows which traffic-related areas should be focused on. Among others, such areas are infrastructure, safety related services and supervision over road traffic, the need to introduce innovative safety systems and preventive measures. With reference to the aforementioned areas, an analysis of road safety was carried out on the basis of the road incidents and their participants. The aforementioned safety analysis was carried out on the basis of the statistical data on road incidents that occurred in Raciborz County in the years 2015-2019, where the number of road incidents is presented, divided by legal qualifications, groups of road users, testimonies of road users in connection with the violation of road traffic regulations, the results of road incidents, with indication which “areas” should be focused on in order to improve road safety.
EN
NIK President Krzysztof Kwiatkowski presented to the lower house of the Polish Parliament (the Sejm) the results of the research concerning road safety. In the document, containing the upshot of seven earlier audits on traffic safety, the Supreme Audit Office proposed several comprehensive solutions that should dramatically improve road safety in Poland.
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EN
The article addresses the extinct highway, called Cikánka, which between the 16th and 19th centuries functioned as the shortened route between České Budějovice and Austria. The construction of the railroad precipitated its decline. Several extant segments of the old road have been discovered in the terrain.
EN
On the grounds of criminal-law research, the article tries to conduct a dispute analysis of the issues of a legal evaluation of “the fleeing” of a road traffic participant from the scene of the communication event. The subject of the analysis is not only the concept of “the escape” — its subjective aspect — but also its perception on the grounds of the past and the presently applicable legal solutions. Attention was drawn to the change in function that these circumstances fulfilled and to how, within years, its influence on justice in cases of communication crimes — from the circumstances restricting the dimension of punishment in the phase of judicial substantiation, via creation of the marks of the qualified type of forbidden act, to a general (cumulative) premise of extraordinary restriction of punishment. One of the leading ideas of this work is the case of the ratio legis regulation of the fleeing of the road traffic participant from the scene of the communication event. In light of the accepted legal solutions it is unclear what determines its object of protection, and so the protection of which legal goods this regulation serves.
Problemy Kryminalistyki
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2015
|
issue 288
54-58, 109-113
PL
Wypadek drogowy jest zdarzeniem nieprzewidywalnym, chociaż może być zawiniony w wyniku nieprzestrzegania obowiązujących zasad bezpieczeństwa, czyli normy ogólnej wskazanej w art. 177 & 1 kk, czy szczegółowych reguł określonych w Prawie o ruchu drogowym. Jego istotną przyczyną mogą być również absolutnie nieprzewidywalne, odbiegające od modelowych, zachowania uczestników ruchu. To one mogą wprowadzać w błąd innych, którym z formalnego punktu widzenia zarzucono, przykładowo, nieustąpienie pierwszeństwa, zajechanie drogi, niezachowanie szczególnej ostrożności podczas zbliżania się do wyznaczonych przejść czy innych niebezpiecznych miejsc. Ocena zachowań niemodelowych, wprowadzających w błąd, wielokrotnie umyka uwadze organów ścigania czy sądów. Duży udział mają w tym również biegli ds. ruchu i techniki samochodowej, którzy w swoich opiniach dokonują ocen prawnych, zwłaszcza możliwości i powinności przewidzenia. To zagadnienie stricte dogmatyczne, nienależące do ich kompetencji.
EN
A traffic accident is an unpredictable event, although it may be committed as a result of non-compliance with safety rules, i.e. the generał standard specified in Art. 177 & 1 of the Penal Codę, or the detailed rules set out in the Law on Road Traffic. Its important cause can also be absolutely unpredictable, deviating from the model behaviour of participants of traffic. They can mislead on another, which from a formal point of view is chargeable, for example, not yielding priority, cutting off traffic, failure to comply with particular caution when approaching the designated crossing points or other dangerous places. Rating non-model, misleading behaviour, repeatedly escapes the attention of law enforcement or the courts. A large part in this is also shared by expert witnesses in traffic and automobile technology, who in their opinions carry out legał assessments, especially the opportunities and obligations. This is an issue strictly dogmatic, not belonging to their competence.
EN
Driving safety is a major concern all around the world of both the concerned authorities and the general public. In the context in which aggressive driving behaviour is generally considered to be a major cause of traffic accidents, the study of such a problem can help policy-makers in their endeavour to design better programs that aim at reducing aggressive driving behaviour. The purpose of the present paper is to analyse the above-mentioned problem by considering short- and medium-term alternative measures in terms of social cost. The optimal combination of short- and medium-term solutions will be shown to depend on the drivers’ level of aggressiveness, which, naturally, also depends on the gap between the existent infrastructure and the volume of motorized traffic. Special attention is given to the impact of civic campaigns on the level of aggressiveness.
PL
Wybór tematu wynika bezpośrednio ze statystyk zabitych i rannych na polskich drogach. Piesi stanowią największą grupę ryzyka uczestników ruchu drogowego. Kierowcy oraz osoby znajdujące się w pojazdach, chronione są przez nadwozie, poduszki powietrzne czy chociażby pasy bezpieczeństwa. Wypadki z udziałem pieszych najczęściej mają miejsce w terenie zabudowanym. W związku z powyższym, w artykule postanowiono przedstawić przykłady środków uspokojenia ruchu, w celu poprawy bezpieczeństwa niechronionych uczestników ruchu. Studium przypadku stanowiło miasto Katowice. Polska znajduje się w czołówce państw, gdzie wskaźnik śmiertelności wśród niechronionych uczestników ruchu jest bardzo wysoki. W krajach Europy Zachodniej obowiązują obszary nazywane strefą „Tempo 30”. Również w stolicy województwa śląskiego objęto ścisłe śródmieście, m.in. ulice takie jak Francuska, Sokolska, Dudy-Gracza i Mikołowska, strefą redukującą prędkość do 30 km/h oraz wprowadzono fizyczne jej ograniczniki. Ważnym jest, aby kierowcy poruszali się adekwatnie do warunków drogowych (widoczność, łuki, skrzyżowania, przejścia dla pieszych i przystanki, stan nawierzchni, otoczenie drogi, warunki atmosferyczne) i ruchowych (natężenie ruchu, prędkości innych pojazdów, warunki wyprzedzania, obecność pieszych na poboczach). Wraz ze wzrostem prędkości, rośnie stopień ciężkości wypadku, zwiększa się zagrożenie uczestników ruchu i zmniejszają możliwości uniknięcia kolizji
EN
The article comments upon the problems of road safety. Poland is currently still ranked at the tail of countries compared in respect of road traffic safety. Pedestrians, i.e. unprotected traffic participants, typically account for 1/3 of all road traffic accident fatalities. In Silesia, in 2016, 257 people were killed in road accidents, including 99 pedestrians. One of the assumptions provided in White Paper on the Future of Europe is that the number of fatalities due to road traffic accidents should drop to a level nearing 0 by 2050. The paper provides examples of individual solutions discussed with reference to a case study from the city of Katowice. A traffic calming zone referred to as “Tempo 30” has been implemented in the town. It includes the downtown and areas characterized by intense road traffic. In the article, the manner in which local authorities may enforce vehicle speed reduction and induce elimination of transit traffic from access roads has been described. Speed bumps have been among the solutions of interest addressed in the study. They are the simplest and most common method of traffic calming. However, there are more traffic slowing elements deployed in Katowice. Even a slight reduction in driving speed has an effect on the declining of road fatality rates. Data obtained from the City Office prove that safety has been improving in the city. With regard to the benefits of the existing traffic calming zone, a concept of extending this area by adding new ones has been presented
EN
The paper is based on the basic safety and security factors of the traffic and transportation systems. It identifies the main groups and types of risks in traffic based on the particularities of the traffic and transportation systems. In general it characterizes the scope of the individual risk management phases in traffic conditions. It specifies successive steps of risk management and forms of their outputs in transport enterprise.
PL
This research analyses the main causal factors that lead to road accidents. Particular focus has been on the demographics of drivers and in particular on the age group given that younger drivers account for the highest number of road safety-related incident/ accidents and fatalities. Other factors impacting road safety include the adequacy of the national driver training system, legislative requirements and organisational solutions for ensuring road safety. Behavioural and characteristics of drivers are considered as part of the causal analysis.
EN
Niniejsze badanie analizuje główne czynniki sprawcze, które prowadzą do wypadków drogowych. Szczególny nacisk położono na demografię kierowców, a zwłaszcza na grupę wiekową, biorąc pod uwagę, że młodsi kierowcy odpowiadają za największą liczbę incydentów/wypadków i ofiar śmiertelnych związanych z bezpieczeństwem drogo-wym. Analizie poddano także inne czynniki wpływające na bezpieczeństwo ruchu drogowego, takie jak adekwatność krajowego systemu szkolenia kierowców, wymagania prawne i rozwiązania organizacyjne zapewniające bezpieczeństwo ruchu drogowego. Zachowanie i cechy kierowców są brane pod uwagę jako część analizy przyczynowej.
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