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The influence of transnational corporations on society`s safety based on activity of Amazon.com in Poland and Great Britain

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Siemiątkowski A.
Torun International Studies
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2016
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issue 9
131-140
EN
Social influence is not identical in each country or society, since activity of biggest corporations is so diverse. A lot of factors – both on the corporation side, as individual countries regulations – influence it, as well as societies and local communities specification. The aim of this article is to characterize the influence of transnational corporations on local communities safety on the example of Amazon.com corporation. Authors compared instances of two countries, in which this company runs le. Poland and Great Britain. Due to differences in conditions of functioning on these markets (e.g. on the level of economic growth or society), comparison of these two cases can give interesting results. An additional asset is the fact that author was an Amazon employee and he made many absorbing observations about the meaning of working in this corporation for members of local communities. The presence of transnational corporations in local area has a significant impact on local communities safety, because of influence on key needs of local societies members’ in terms of safety. The main thing is employment and salary. Very often huge logistics centres or manufacturing plants become the key employer in the region.
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Przedsiębiorstwa w sferze biznesu międzynarodowego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem korporacji transnarodowych – problemy definicyjne, podejoecie teoretyczne i praktyczne

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Brach J.
International Business and Global Economy
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2014
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vol. Volume 33
379–393
EN
Companies have been present in the sphere of international business for hundreds of years. The main aim of this article is to show that there are still many problems with defining what the multinational or transnational company is and how to measure the level of its internationalization. The article is mainly based on the analyzed information from books and articles dedicated to this subject. From the theoretical point of view, the main problem is that although many indices of internationalizion have been developed so far, including synthetic ones, like the TNI index proposed by the UNCTAD, scientists still have real problems with preparing indices which would be at the same time synthetic and incorporating relevant and practically used information on the companies’ activities across countries.
3
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Ekonomiczne i społeczne następstwa globalizacji

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Kaczmarek B.
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
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2014
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vol. 17
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issue 1
35-46
EN
The subject of this article in an analysis of the globalisation process in economic and social areas. The author describes the main spheres of globalisation such as economic and political integration, the declining role of nation states, cultural homogenisation and the increasing significance of transnational corporations. The advantages and disadvantages of globalisation are discussed. The author also indicates differences between regions that benefit from globalisation. The article tries to answer questions whether globalisation is a desirable process and what it should be like to bring more benefits than losses.
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Transnational Corporations as the Driving Forces Behind the World’s Research and Development Activity in Terms of R&D Expenditure

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Kraj K. M.
Journal of Management and Financial Sciences
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2017
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vol. 28(2)
73-97
EN
As discussed in the literature, more and more transnational corporations (TNCs) were attaching importance to research and development (R&D) activity from the 1970s through the 2000s. This growing involvement of TNCs in R&D resulted in their dominant role in global R&D expenditure. Indeed, a comparative analysis of financial data collected for the group of the 102 largest corporate R&D spenders worldwide in 2007 showed that this group of TNCs accounted for a significant share of the world’s R&D expenditure not only in 2007 alone but also in the period of 2000–2011. Moreover, a similarity between their home countries and the countries being top R&D spenders was found; however, most of these corporations were conducting their R&D at international level. Furthermore, the analysed TNCs operated mostly in technology-intensive industries, for which the foundations were provided by a multidisciplinary science and technology basis. JEL Codes: F23, O32
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Odpowiedzialność osób zarządzających w transnarodowych korporacjach w prawie karnym – aspekty międzynarodowe i transnarodowe

89%
Boczek K.
Problemy Prawa Karnego
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2020
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vol. 4 (30)
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issue 4
75-96
EN
Owing to increasing globalisation, transnational corporations play an important role in international trade. Those wealthy and very complex entities have a major impact on reality and often engage in activities which involve illegal practices such as the environmental pollution, forced labour and other serious infringement of employees’ right or even crimes against humanity. Carrying on business which is primarily profit-oriented may result in violations of fundamental human rights, if this is required for a corporation to financially exploit a business opportunity. It is difficult in practice to hold these entities and their corporate directors to account. Regulations regarding criminal responsibility of managers of transnational corporations can be found in national and international laws. However, criminal proceedings do not give satisfactory results. The main problem lies in powers, flexibility and close links of those corporations with local authorities. The paper points to different solutions applied throughout the world, and describes the best-known criminal proceedings against corporate managers.
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Podmiotowość prawnomiędzynarodowa korporacji międzynarodowych wyzwaniem dla systemu ochrony inwestycji zagranicznych

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Kochowska E.
Studia Prawa Publicznego
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2016
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issue 3 (15)
99-129
EN
This paper analyzes two issues: the current state of international investment law as to the question of the subjectivity of transnational corporations and whether this question contributes to changes in the system of protection of foreign investments. Transnational corporations have already some relevant attributes of the subjects of international law, although all we can say is that their international legal personality is incomplete, functional, relative and not independent. International legal personality of transnational corporations cannot be presumed and if it is for the purpose of assigning liability for infringements of the rules of jus cogens, this will not prejudge the subjectivity in the fi eld of the use of international investment law. If international legal subjectivity of a transnational corporation has been decided upon, the future of the already existing norms of international law regarding the protection of investments (including diplomatic protection, BIT provisions and multilateral international agreements) is not clear. In this system, the rights and obligations of states and transnational corporations are not balanced as this area of international law favours investors (and thus also transnational corporations). States and local communities are neither entitled to claim damages from the investor when such damages are caused by an investment or if they arise from violations of the vital interests of the local community, nor may they bring counterclaims against the complaint to arbitration tribunals. Common goals for the whole international community, for which the concept of international legal personality of transnational corporations could be developed, have not as yet been precisely articulated. Unlike it is the case of liability for the international law of jus cogens, there are no strong axiological reasons to develop this concept in international investment law.
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Zroznicowanie postaw spolecznosci lokalnych wobec inwestorow zagranicznych

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Tobolska A.
Studia Regionalne i Lokalne
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2010
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issue 1(39)
69-88
PL
Filie i oddziały koncernów międzynarodowych są znaczącym elementem w strukturze gospodarczej miast i regionów, a w zależności od stopnia integracji z regionalnym oraz lokalnym otoczeniem gospodarczym mogą odgrywać ważną rolę w ich rozwoju. Lokalizacja fi lii koncernu międzynarodowego wywołuje wielorakie skutki, w różnych sferach: gospodarczej, społecznej, przestrzennej, w środowisku przyrodniczym. Do skutków w sferze społecznej można zaliczyć kształtowanie się postaw mieszkańców wobec inwestora pod wpływem wiedzy o nim oraz wykreowanego wizerunku, prowadzące w dalszej kolejności do pewnych wobec niego zachowań. Opracowanie dotyczy porównania postaw wobec inwestorów zagranicznych mieszkańców dużego miasta oraz małej gminy wiejskiej. Podstawą analizy były badania ankietowe przeprowadzone wśród mieszkańców Poznania oraz mieszkańców gminy Zbąszynek.
EN
Branches of international corporations are a significant element of the economic structure of towns and regions, and depending on the degree of their integration with (‘embeddedness’ in) the regional and local economic milieux, they can play an important role in their development. The location of a branch of an international corporation has a multitude of effects in a variety of spheres: economic, social, spatial, and environmental. The effects in the social sphere include the formation of attitudes of the residents towards the investor, which takes place on the basis of the knowledge about the investor and his/her image, and then gives rise to some forms of behaviour towards him. This paper compares the attitudes towards foreign investors of the residents of a big city and a small rural commune. The analysis is based on a survey research carried out among the inhabitants of Poznan city and the commune of Zbaszynek. The attitudes examined in the first case were those towards a branch of the international corporation EXIDE Technologies, which has been operating in the city since 1995, and in the other case, the attitudes towards a branch of the Swedwood corporation, present in the commune since 1999.
8
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Transnational Corporations as a Source of Career and Biographical Stabilisation: The Case of Polish Corporate Employees

63%
Gońda M.
Kultura i Społeczeństwo
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2019
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vol. 63
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issue 4
69-89
PL
W artykule omawiane są współczesne przemiany organizacji pracy i ich konsekwencje dla kariery i stabilizacji biograficznej. Autor podejmuje przy tym dyskusję z rozpowszechnionym wśród badaczy twierdzeniem, że zorganizowane i przewi-dywalne ścieżki życia (w tym kariery zawodowej) przestają istnieć, a sama praca utraciła funkcję stabilizacji biografii. Wyniki badań biograficznych przeprowadzonych wśród polskich pracowników korporacji transnarodowych w ramach projektu„Polacy w świecie późnego kapitalizmu” pokazują jednak, że - mimo krytyki, która jest wymierzona w korporacje jako podmioty upowszechniające neoliberalne tendencje w światowej gospodarce - przedsiębiorstwa te oferują różne możliwości ochrony przed dzisiejszą niepewnością i ryzykiem zawodowym. W artykule przedstawiono trzy dowody empiryczne wskazujące, w jaki sposób praca w międzynarodowej korporacji może przyczynić się do osiągnięcia i utrzymania stabilności biograficznej po trudnych doświadczeniach w innych obszarach rynku pracy.
EN
This paper discusses contemporary transformations in the way work is organised and the consequences for the stability of careers and biographies. It debates the widely held belief that organised and predictable life-course paths (including professional careers) have ceased to exist and that work itself has lost its stabilising quality. Biographical data collected among Polish employees of transnational corporations within the project “Poles in the World of Late Capitalism” proves that even though transnational corporations are widely criticised for propelling neoliberal tendencies in the global economy, they provide a means of protecting their employees against today’s uncertainty and occupational risk. Three empirical cases are presented to show how work in a transnational corporation may contribute to achieving and maintaining stability for persons who have had troublesome experiences of working in other sectors of the labour market.
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Changes in the Command and Control Functions in European Cities in the Age of Globalisation

63%
Raźniak P., Dorocki S., Winiarczyk-Raźniak A.
Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego
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2018
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vol. Volume 32, Issue 3
128-143
EN
The aim of the study is to analyse the changes in the command and control functions of cities in 2006 and 2012 based on the method of gravity centres. The analysis was performed both for individual sectors of the economy, as well as for European ones. On the basis of the International Potential Indicator, the shift of the centre of gravity of the command and control functions of cities to the East was noted. Nowadays, mainly due to the development of Central and Eastern Europe and the progressive European integration (rising to the East and South), the relocation of many companies from West to East and the growing importance of local companies in developing countries are increasing. It can be said that the importance of the command and control functions of cities in developing countries has increased (Russia, Poland). There was a decline in the importance of the blue banana region and British and German cities. This is especially visible in terms of the number of headquarters in the Eastern part of the continent. However, the capital shift is not that clear and the German and British corporations still remain strong leaders in Europe.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza zmian wartości funkcji kontrolno-zarządczej ośrodków miejskich w latach 2006 i 2012 w oparciu o metodę centrów grawitacji. Zakres czasowy analizy obejmował okres światowego kryzysu gospodarczego oraz zależny był od dostępności danych. Analizę przeprowadzono zarówno dla poszczególnych sektorów gospodarki, jak i dla międzynarodowego wskaźnika potencjału (MWP). Na podstawie użytego wskaźnika MWP zauważono przesunięcie środka ciężkości funkcji kontrolno-zarządczej miast w kierunku wschodnim. Współcześnie, głównie w wyniku rozwoju obszarów Europy Środkowo- -Wschodniej oraz postępującej integracji europejskiej (wzrastającej w kierunku wschodnim i południowym), następuje wzrost znaczenia lokalnych przedsiębiorstw w krajach rozwijających się. Można stwierdzić, że nastąpił wzrost znaczenia funkcji kontrolno-zarządczej miast w krajach rozwijających się (Rosja, Polska). Zaobserwowano spadek znaczenia tzw. niebieskiego banana (blue banana), a przede wszystkim ośrodków brytyjskich i niemieckich. Szczególnie widoczne jest to pod względem zwiększenia się liczby siedzib zarządów na wschodzie kontynentu. Jednakże przemieszenie kapitału nie jest aż tak wyraźne i w dalszym ciągu korporacje niemieckie i brytyjskie pozostają zdecydowanymi liderami w Europie.
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