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1
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The discourse of tourism: an analysis of the online article “10 best places to visit in Ukraine”

100%
Pryma V.
Pomiędzy. Polonistyczno-Ukrainoznawcze Studia Naukowe
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2022
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issue 4(1)
169-174
EN
The article shows the fact that the concept of scientific discourse is interpreted as a complex phenomenon that consists of participants in communication, communication situations and the text itself. The conclusion is that discourse is an abstract invariant description of structural and semantic features that are realized in specific texts. Linguists interpret the concept of discourse as a complex communicative phenomenon that includes the speaker and the addressee of the message, the process of proper formation of speech, extralingual factors of communication, social and cultural background. This article presents a critical reading of the text “10 Best places to visit in Ukraine” and its overlook, research study in the field of online tourism promotion, published online in 2021 by one of the world’s largest tourism publishing houses, Touropia. The study aims at revising some of the characteristics of the ongoing tourism discourse through an analysis of the network of people and practices involved in these publications, their textual features and images. The article analyses the way in which various modes to create a virtual brochure with a promotional message from both institutional and commercial positions were combined. In doing this, it studies the organization of the website and its webpage, as well as the lexico-grammatical and visual features of its promotional messages. The analytical framework used includes critical discourse analysis and a corpus-based tool used to interpret different aspects of this tourism discourse. The places advertised as “Top 10” are presented to an all-aged audience that must be interested in discovering new places, appreciated to nature, fond of history and ready to consume national products. Polyparadigmatic nature has led to the active use of these terms in the field of literature, as a result of which scientific studies address issues of artistic concept, artistic discourse, which will always be open to researchers, while not exhausting its relevance.
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Kontakty interpersonalne staropolskich podróżników stanu duchownego

100%
Rok B.
Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne
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2017
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vol. XXIV
198-215
EN
The text presents different types of interpersonal contacts in the course of the journey based on Polish clergymen’s travel reports from the 18th century. The clergy establish numerous contacts primarily with other encountered travelers of their state. Also, information about meetings with peregrines and people on subsequent stages of the journey can be found. Interesting, contacts include Poles and important people of that time. It is important to emphasize the assertiveness of clergy travelers and their openness towards representatives of foreign nations.
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Setkání kultur v literárním a fotografickém díle Enrique Stanko Vráze

88%
Tudorovová J.
Národopisný věstník
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2012
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vol. 29_(71)
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issue 1
5-10
EN
The desire to explore distant lands and exotic civilisations is a defining attribute of one of our most famous travellers, Enrique Stanko Vráz (b. 1860 - d. 1932). Besides being a traveller, he was also a photographer, writer and collector. We learn most about his journeys from his books, in which his travel experiences were transmuted into literature, and from the countless photographs taken while staying in exotic countries. Vráz understood photography to be the perfect means of documenting facts and events; he always preferred an informative to an emotional style. His captions written on glass negatives are of exceptional value. Vráz would always try to describe and, more importantly, understand the culture of any country he visited. He himself was a very charismatic personality with an ability to make friends easily - which is why he was able to find out things that for other travellers and explorers would remain secret. His approach to people from other cultures was open-minded and friendly, but also carried a dose of healthy scepticism.
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Tourism of aristocracy in the second half of the 19th century. The case of Emanuel Collalto e San Salvatore

88%
Koumar J.
Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)
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2023
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vol. 31
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issue 1
9-34
EN
This text tries to show the difference between travelling and tourism using the example of the 19th century aristocrat, Prince Emanuel Collalto e San Salvatore (1854–1952). Based on the distinction of James Buzzard and Jean- Didier Urbain, his touristic activities, that is travelling for travelling, are separated from the classical aristocratic journeys and stays. His life and family situation are described at the beginning, then the space is devoted to his travel activities. The tourist activities follow. In the conclusion his tourist activities are set in the context of other aristocrats and his case is suggested to be an example of an aristocratic tourist, as opposed to an aristocratic traveller.
5
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Dziedzictwo kulinarne w kontekście europejskiego ruchu turystycznego

88%
Świtała-Trybek D.
Studia Etnologiczne i Antropologiczne
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2014
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vol. 14
28-48
EN
Traditional cuisine is very important for tourism. It influences the attractiveness of particular countries, regions, places; it enables their economic development. The reference to the cultural heritage has many various forms (routes, festivals, competitions, culinary workshops). On the map of Europe there are „old” culinary routes, with their long history; they are recognisable and described in guide books. There are also new ones, a product of the activity of local communities, the implementation of EU programmes etc.
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Podróże reporterskie. Próba opisu i klasyfikacji

75%
Męka K.
Zeszyty Naukowe Małopolskiej Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej w Tarnowie
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2013
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issue 1(22)
71-85
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie podróży podejmowanych przez reporterów i pisarzy (w związku z wykonywaną przez nich pracą) oraz wskazanie istotnych cech podróży reporterskich pozwalających na odróżnienie tego typu wypraw od turystyki. Celem podróży reporterskich jest przygotowanie tekstu opisującego odwiedzane miejsca, ich historię, związane z nimi wydarzenia polityczne i społeczne, losy jednostek i społeczności lub samą podróż oraz publikacja tego tekstu. Warunkiem podróży reporterskich jest bowiem gotowość do napisania tekstu oraz gotowość do jego późniejszego opublikowania. Ich uczestnikami są zarówno reporterzy zatrudnieni w czasopismach (agencjach prasowych, gazetach codziennych), jak i pracujący samodzielnie, przygotowujący reportaże np. dla wydawnictw. Podróż reporterska jest ściśle związana z wykonywaniem pracy, wymaga odpowiedniego przygotowania przed wyjazdem i ponoszenia wysiłku podczas jej trwania. Służy ona realizacji celu zawodowego. Reporter wykonuje zawód wymagający podróżowania, podróż w jego przypadku jest koniecznością. Wyjazd jest nieodzowny do wykonywania pracy, miejsca pobytu stają się miejscem pracy, a celem nadrzędnym jest działalność zawodowa. Podróż reporterska nie jest „dobrowolną zmianą miejsca pobytu”, łączy się z „przymusem”. Reporter ma ograniczoną swobodę w zakresie podejmowania decyzji o wyjeździe, w jego trakcie jest podporządkowany swoim przełożonym i ich poleceniom, to oni decydują o dacie jego powrotu. Każdy uczestnik takiej podróży jest zobowiązany do wykonania określonego zadania, do zbierania materiału potrzebnego do przygotowania publikacji. W związku z tym ponosi odpowiedzialność. Wyprawy reporterów zostają spożytkowane. Podróż przynosi trwały efekt w postaci publikacji. Efekty tego wyjazdu zaspokajają potrzeby innych ludzi. Cechy przysługujące podróżom reporterskim nie pozwalają traktować je jako turystyki.
EN
The aim of the paper is to describe the journeys undertaken by reporters and writers (in relation to the work they undertake) and to indicate the criteria for distinguishing this type of journeys from tourism. The main goal of the reporter’s journeys is preparation and publication of the reportage ‒ a text describing visited places, their history and sociopolitical situation related to Podróże reporterskie. Próba opisu i klasyfikacji 85 these places, the lives of individuals and societies or the journey itself. The readiness to write and later publish the reportage is the main condition of the reporter’s journey. The participants of such journeys are both journalists working in journals (press agencies, daily newspapers) and freelancers who prepare reportages, e.g. for publishers. As reporter’s journey is closely connected with occupation, as it requires special preparation before the departure and effort during the travel. The reporter’s journey serves for realization of the professional aim. Travelling is a fundamental part of the reporter’s profession and departure is an essential to perform the job. Places of residence become workplaces, and the primary aim is the professional activity. A reporter’s journey is not just “a voluntary change of residence”, as it is a must. The range of reporter’s decisions about the journey is also limited – he or she is subordinate to the supervisors and their orders and it is them who decide on the date of return. Each participant of such a travel is required to perform a specific task: to gather material for the production of a publication. This is the reporter’s responsibility. A reporter’s journey is utilised, as it brings a durable effect in the form of reportage. The effects of such a travel satisfy the needs of other people. All these features of reporter’s journeys do not allow for treating them as tourism.
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Místa paměti v digitálním prostředí

75%
Pýcha Č.
Historie – Otázky – Problémy (History, Issues, Problems)
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2018
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vol. 10
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issue 1
32-45
EN
The author focuses on the problem of representation of traditional Czech sites of memory in the environment of digital platforms designed for travellers. The content analysis is divided into a visual and a narrative part, the key research topic being the stability of the national essence of memory in the digital environment. The assumption that the national narrative will not be the main component of the content is not entirely confirmed. Despite the international and intermediary nature of the platforms in use, user-generated content is sometimes based on national narratives. An important part of the paper is a theoretical and methodological discussion based on the concepts of media and memory studies.
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Vzhůru do ciziny...!! : rámce a proměny českého cestovního ruchu a cestování do zahraničí po roce 1989

75%
Mücke P.
Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)
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2016
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vol. 23
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issue 4
602-644
EN
This article is concerned with changes in the tourist industry and travel abroad by Czechoslovaks and, after late 1989, Czechs as a particular expression of the political, economic, and socio-cultural transformation of that period, incuding the ''return to Europe''. The structure of the article is based roughly on the basic groups of questions, which concern tourism abroad. The author first describes in broad outline the political and legislative processes of the gradual lifting of visa restrictions by the Czechoslovak authorities and the states of western Europe as well as the gradual liberalization and partial ''denationalization'' of Czechoslovak currency policy and paperwork related to tourism. He then, in the second part, looks at the continuities and discontinuities of the forms of the tourist industry, particularly the transformation of the existing travel agencies (under the former Čedok monopoly) and the massive emergence of new travel agencies, as well as their rise and fall (for instance, Fischer Reisen, the travel agency of Václav Fischer). In combination with the history of travel-industry policy, the result seeks to be a contribution to the economic history of the country after the Changes of late 1989. In the third part of the article, the author traces the countries to which Czechoslovak, and later, Czech citizens travelled and in what number, and what their typical reasons were, from the beginning of the 1990s onwards. His analysis of the accessible quantitative data is followed by his interpretations of oral-history research intended, among other things, to discover the forms that travel abroad took after November 1989, how the participants perceived this travel, and what importance they attached to it.
CS
Studie se v širokém kontextu zabývá proměnami zahraničního cestovního ruchu a výjezdového cestování občanů Československa, respektive České republiky po roce 1989 jakožto specifického dobového projevu politické, ekonomické i sociálně-kulturní transformace a ''návratu do Evropy''. Struktura tohoto pojednání rámcově postihuje základní okruhy otázek, jež se výjezdového cestovního ruchu dotýkaly. Autor nejprve v hlavních rysech popisuje politický a legislativní proces postupného rušení vízové povinnosti ze strany československých orgánů i států západní Evropy stejně jako postupnou liberalizaci a částečné ,,odstátnění'' tuzemské devizové politiky a agendy souvisící s cestovním ruchem. Druhá část je věnována kontinuitám a diskontinuitám platforem cestovního ruchu, zejména pak transformaci stávajících cestovních kanceláří (Čedok) a hromadnému vzniku nových kanceláří a agentur, jakož i jejich vzestupům a pádům (cestovní kancelář Václava Fischera). Tento pohled tvoří určitou sondu do porevolučních hospodářských dějin v kombinaci s dějinami politiky cestovního ruchu. Ve třetí části autor sleduje, do kterých zemí, v jakém počtu a také z jakých typických důvodů směřovaly od počátku devadesátých let zahraniční cesty československých a českých obyvatel. Analýzy dostupných kvantitativních dat jsou doplněny interpretací závěrů z realizovaného orálněhistorického výzkumu, který mimo jiné zjišťoval, jaké podoby mělo polistopadové cestování do zahraničí, jak je vnímali jeho účastníci a jaké významy mu přisuzovali.
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Подорож „своїм” простором як спосіб конструювання національної ідентичності (на матеріалі онлайн-тревелогів Б. Логвиненка та А. Чапая)

75%
Kalynyushko O.
Studia Ucrainica Varsoviensia
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2017
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vol. 5
185-194
PL
The article attempts to analyse B. Lohvynenko’s and A. Chapai’s online-travelogues. The specifi city of the character-traveller endowed with the transcultural identity within the boundaries of their country under the conditions of globalized society has been traced. The occurrence of the opposition “own / strange” in the wanderings of B. Lohvynenko and A. Chapai has been investigated. Other ways of construing travellers’ national identity have been shown. The formation of the traveller’s national identity in B. Lohvynenko’s travelogue by means of national stereotypes cultivation has been analysed. Moreover, the construction of the character’s identity in A. Chapai’s travel-blog by the destruction of stereotypes has been considered.
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Sur les traces du vagabond dans les textes beauvoiriens : exploration du monde et découverte de l’autre

71%
Ledwina A.
Quêtes littéraires
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2014
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issue 4
85-93
EN
Simone de Beauvoir – a writer, journalist, and philosopher, a pioneer of modern feminism, a collaborator and life partner of Jean-Paul Sartre, was also a tireless traveller, who embarked on numerous journeys described in her autobiographical accounts and correspondence. The author of The Second Sex invariably seeks new sensations and is attracted to other people. Memories of visits to foreign countries are characterized by detailed descriptions and exploration of the world. Each destination is presented from the viewpoint of aesthetics, avoiding interactions with the local population. Over time, under the influence of her trips, Beauvoir becomes aware of the complexity of "the Other" and the need to support people and reject own isolation. Her writing becomes involved, subjective, and empathetic, reflecting growing interest in the problems of other people and sensitivity to social injustice and ideological issues. The shrewd observer searches for the meaning of life and her own "self". The universal dimension of the human condition appears to be far more important than individual experiences of the previously egocentric woman.
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Backpacking a dwa pokolenia turystów – wstęp do badań nad definicją

63%
Jabłonkowska J. B.
Rozprawy Naukowe Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu
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2014
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vol. 46
37-45
EN
Background. Backpacking is a relatively new type of travelling (its existence dates back to the 90s of the 20th century). According to the indications of foreign researchers of the issue, it has evolved from drifting, and according to Polish theorists – from tramping. From the very beginning, backpacking has been identified with a generation of young people, mostly students, who have temporary resources or employment status and are not conditioned with family responsibilities. The definition of this alternative mode of travelling was established on the basis of research and analysis of canon characteristics of backpackers. Material and methods. Some essential features relevant only to backpacking are classified in the paper. However, backpacking is changing together with the changing generations. Therefore, the research presents reflections on backpacking definitions formulated by two generations of tourists (backpackers youth: aged 18–25 years, and seniors: aged 60–75 years). The study should be treated as a survey, supporting the diagnosis of the problem and preparing the ground for research on a wider scale. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 100 people aged between the so-called young backpackers (50 respondents) and senior backpackers (50 respondents). The technique of a diagnostic questionnaire was used. Conclusion. The results obtained allowed to establish backpacker definitional characteristics, as perceived in the context of the travelling experience of two generations of travellers.
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The Determination of Potential Locations for Hotel and Service Facilities in relation to the Transport System – the Logistic Approach

63%
Mindur M., Celiński I., Sierpiński G.
Logistics and Transport
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2019
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vol. 43
27-40
EN
The existing space distribution of hotel and service facilities in different places in the world is mainly the result of natural organic growth. Such facilities were built in areas of actual and/or potential demand, provided adequate financial resources and land were available. Additionally, an important factor was also the availability of technical infrastructure, including, in particular, transport. Sometimes those facilities were built without any detailed spatial analysis of their locations. It can be concluded that planning of hotel and service facilities lacked clear and accurate methods as well as analytic tools. The main reason was the lack of relevant databases. Along the development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), information tools started to be used in nearly every area. It should be noted that the development of the hotel and service base can be significantly promoted while using modern ICT solutions. In their article, the authors, among others, propose to use trip planning tools backed by Big Data. A trip planner can be used to collect data that help to determine the location of hotel and service facilities (e.g. hotels, guest houses, motels, leisure, recreation and restaurant facilities). The article presents the case study from the Upper Silesia conurbation, Poland. The use of Big Data allows to select locations of investment corresponding to actual tourist travel needs, especially that every year tourism becomes an increasingly important sector of the national economy in many countries.
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Nieformalne obszary uczenia się dorosłych – edukacyjne konteksty podróżowania

63%
Wiza A.
Dyskursy Młodych Andragogów / Adult Education Discourses
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2015
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vol. 16
47-58
EN
The first part of the paper describes theoretical concepts of learning, characteristics of adult education, reflectiveness, mobilities. In this article the author presents some part of her own research. The aim of this research was reconstruction of backpacking phenomenon based on travellers’ experiences. The applied research strategy was documentary method, whereas individual interview was the technique of collecting the research material. As the results we have different educational benefits from travellers’ experiences. For many adults travelling is the way of learning, getting to know the world, broadening their mind. They acquire general and specific knowledge and often decide to take up different studies or write dissertations. Travelling broadens their perspective of understanding social, political and cultural conditions of the visited countries. It gives the opportunity to compare one's own knowledge and ideas with the reality of the visited countries. Travellers become more responsible for the people and nations they meet. They join various organizations or try to help in any other way. Travelling helps to discover and develop certain features which can be used in many everyday situations – adults discover their skills, competence and abilities. As a result this leads to an increase of self confidence, independence and responsibility. Such changes improve social, personal and work life.
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Włoskie podróże w polskiej literaturze dokumentu osobistego kobiet (z jednym wyjątkiem dla powieści). Wybrane przykłady

63%
Pekaniec A.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia de Cultura
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2017
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issue 9(1) "Gli orizzonti dell’italianistica: tradizione, attualita e sfide di ricerca"
269-279
PL
Tekst jest krótką prezentacją wybranych autobiografii (szeroko pojętych) i jednej powieści, autorstwa kobiet, w których ważniejszym z motywów jest podroż do Włoch. Traktowana rekreacyjnie, jako życiowa konieczność, chwila wytchnienia, dobrowolna, przymusowa, każdorazowo każe zastanowić się nad sposobami budowania narracji o włoskich wojażach, kieruje uwagę na strategie tożsamościowe. Włochy – widziane na ogół przez pryzmat estetycznych i kulturowych stereotypów stają się przestrzenią inicjacji, opuszczaną po swoistej przemianie. Mogą też stać się domem. Ważne jest to, że Italia jawi się tu jako przestrzeń wyjątkowa i pożądana.
EN
The text is a brief presentation of selected autobiographies (broadly defined) and one novel, written by women, in which important issue is a journey to Italy. Treated as recreational, as a life necessity, a moment of respite, voluntary or imposed, each time makes reader to think of ways creating narrative pictures of Italian journeys, pays attention to the strategies of narrative identity. Italy – generally seen through the aesthetic and cultural stereotypes become a place of initiation, left after the specific transformation. It can also become a home. It is important to see that in women’s autobiographies Italy appears as a space unique and desirable.
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Moda na „gap year”. O współczesnym trendzie w konstruowaniu karier edukacyjnych

51%
Przybylski B.
Edukacja Ustawiczna Dorosłych
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2017
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issue 3
194-201
EN
“A gap year” one may call a break in life or an annual break. This way of projecting one`s own life is widespread and popular around the world. The author provides a historical outline, the definitions of the term and various forms of activities realized in the frames of socalled “a gap year”. The article shows opinions of enthusiasts and sceptics on the topic of the actual meaning, goal and function of a year-long break. Moreover, the text presents reasons, obstacles and consequences of participating in this life project. The author interprets the gap year as an educational phenomenon which allows to expand horizons, to learn the diversity of the world and its cultures, gain experience and increase one’s knowledge. The author suppose the idea itself will acquire more and more followers in Poland, not only among young people, but also among adults and seniors
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„Czas wszystko zmienia…”? Wartość zmian i zmiana wartości w sferze podróżowania i ruchu turystycznego w Czechosłowacji w kontekście Aksamitnej Rewolucji 1989/1990.

51%
Mücke P.
Wrocławski Rocznik Historii Mówionej
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2017
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vol. 7
149-161
EN
The article tries to resume the main contours and changes in the travelling and tourism „sphere“ in the consequences of Velvet Revolution and the fall of communism in Czechoslovakia. There are presented the most important historical frames of „sphere“ development, but also there are illuminated the key perspectives and meanings deriving from realised oral history interviews. For conclusion the author tries to resume and „re-think“ the issue of „historical meaning“ and the importance of 1989 change in the context of Czech contemporary history.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą refleksji nad formą i przemianami w sferze ruchu turystycznego w związku z Aksamitną Rewolucją 1989 r. i z upadkiem komunizmu w Czechosłowacji. W tekście prezentowany jest historyczny rozwój tej sfery. W dalszej części przedstawiono zagadnienie z perspektywy narratorów wywiadów oral history i znaczenia, jakie przykładają do tej problematyki. W podsumowaniu autor zastanawia się, jakie znaczenie miał przełom roku 1989 dla rozwoju ruchu turystycznego w kontekście czeskiej historii współczesnej.
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Incognito przez kraj przyjaciół. Nielegalni wspinacze z NRD w Związku Radzieckim

51%
Reinhart K.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
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2018
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vol. 12
363-376
EN
Although the GDR did not have its own high mountains, it did have an informal community of climbers, of about 1,000 enthusiasts, who despite numerous obstacles managed to go on expeditions to high mountains of the Eastern Bloc. They could not count on any support of the state, because mountaineering is not a kind of sport in which international success can be achieved all the time and because the GDR, unlike e.g. the Soviet Union, could not expect any military benefits from it. The climbers found it especially hard to obtain permission to travel, to go to the mountains on their own, to acquire appropriate equipment and train in preparation for the difficulties awaiting them in high mountains. Only thanks to their extraordinary enthusiasm, organisational creativity and technical skills were they able to overcome obstacles like obtaining invitations from the Soviet Union, casual jobs and making their own equipment in order to be able to reach high mountains. From the late 1970s the climbing community began to experience a revival thanks to a new “hippie generation”. Young people reached the USSR thanks to the so-called “transit visas”, which is why they were described as “transit travellers”. Often they would then travel for weeks or even months “unrecognised through their beloved country”. During these “incognito travels” they had to avoid police patrols and when they were stopped, they had to have good excuses. Despite their illegality, the transit travellers were able to travel across the entire USSR. Their extraordinarily modest way of travelling, often hitch-hiking or walking, meant that they had closer contact with people living in the Soviet Union than was provided for in the German–Soviet friendship, used for propaganda purposes, and could formulate their own opinion on the reality of the “Big Brother”. Through their experiences the climbers managed to distance themselves from the official socialist discourse in the GDR. With their views crossing state borders the climbers could be treated as the vanguard of mass escapes through Eastern European third countries, like e.g. Hungary, which began the collapse of the GDR in 1989.
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„Český příběh“ o Robinsonu Crusoeovi v 19. století v kontextu tehdejší cestopisné literatury

51%
Hrabal J.
Slovo a smysl - Word & Sense
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2022
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vol. 19
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issue 40
46-64
EN
This study traces changes in 19th-century Czech retellings of Robinson Crusoe, from the Czech translations of German adaptations by Joachim Heinrich Campe, Gustav Adolf Gräbner, and Karl Rudolf Oskar Höcker, to the original Czech retellings by Pavel Josef Šulc, František Doucha, Jan V. Novák, Antonín Mojžíš, and others. This tradition is analysed in connection to changes in contemporary travel literature, with special attention to certain mutual coincidences: for example, the fact that travel literature, from early on, was influenced by such literary topoi as the shipwreck, life on a deserted island, encounter with the other, duels with pirates, etc. These topoi provided the frameworks and methods for writing travel literature; conversely, the stories of real journeys influenced the writing of novels. This mutual coincidence is not unique to Czech literary culture, as the author illustrates through the example of 18th-century adaptations of Robinson Crusoe in the British context. Specific to the 19th-century Czech tradition is a tendency to present the story as a ‘scientific type’ of travelogue, where the narrator serves as a kind of note-taking apparatus, providing expert explanatory notes, and in which the fictional story is set in a specific context (geographical, historical, cultural, or botanical-zoological) in its contemporary world.
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"Vážený soudruhu prezidente": stížnosti československých občanů adresované prezidentovi republiky v letech 1970-1989

38%
Vilímek T.
Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)
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2022
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vol. 29
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issue 1
43-89
EN
The study focuses on the hitherto neglected issue of complaints that citizens of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic made to their President and his Office between 1970 and 1989. The author describes the activities of the Complaints Department of the Presidential Office and how the complainants' agenda evolved both quantitatively and qualitatively during the period of normalization. He presents the social, ethnic, regional and gender profile of the authors of the complaints, their motivation, common themes and the typical linguistic means the writers used. Using archival sources, he then analyses the five most numerous and important problem areas of the registered complaints, which concerned: housing and housing policy, social security, labour relations, travel abroad, education and study. He uses specific cases to illustrate the flow of communication between the complainants, the President's Office and other bodies that commented on the issues. Additionally, he highlights the chronic social problems that were mirrored in the complaints and which the authorities of the normalization era regime failed to address effectively. Between 1970 and 1989, more than 323,000 complainants, mostly pensioners and workers, wrote to Presidents Ludvík Svoboda (1895–1979, in office 1968–1975) and Gustáv Husák (1913–1991, in office 1975–1989) asking for help in matters relating to poor housing conditions and their futile wait for an apartment, low wages or pension assessments, difficulties with an employer, discrimination in permitting travel abroad and resettlement, or the non-admission of children to secondary or higher education. Most of the writers asserted their personal interest and commented on the societal issues only if it was related to it or they could benefit from them. The President's Office paid close attention to citizen complaints and in many cases its intervention did indeed help to bring about a redress. In the author's view, it certainly made sense to write to the President in this regard, even though many requests went unheeded and, in particular, complaints with political overtones remained unanswered.
CS
Studie se věnuje doposud opomíjené problematice stížností, které občané Československé socialistické republiky adresovali svému prezidentovi a Kanceláři prezidenta republiky v letech 1970 až 1989. Autor seznamuje s náplní činnosti oddělení stížností prezidentské kanceláře a s tím, jak se tato agenda v období normalizace kvantitativně i kvalitativně vyvíjela, přibližuje sociální, národnostní, regionální a genderovou skladbu pisatelů stížností, jejich motivaci, obvyklá témata a typické jazykové prostředky stížností. S využitím archivních pramenů pak analyzuje nejpočetnější a nejdůležitější problémové okruhy evidovaných podání, které se týkaly bydlení a bytové politiky, sociálního zabezpečení, pracovněprávních vztahů, cestování do zahraničí, školství a studia. Na řadě konkrétních případů ilustruje průběh komunikace mezi stěžovateli, prezidentskou kanceláří a dalšími orgány, které se k jednotlivým záležitostem vyjadřovaly, a poukazuje na chronické společenské problémy, jež se ve stížnostech zrcadlily a které úřady normalizačního režimu nedokázaly efektivně řešit. Ve sledovaném období napsaly prezidentům Ludvíku Svobodovi (1895–1979, ve funkci 1968–1975) a Gustávu Husákovi (1913–1991, ve funkci 1975–1989) více než 323 tisíce stěžovatelů, nejčastěji důchodců a dělníků, kteří žádali o pomoc například kvůli špatným bytovým poměrům a marnému čekání na přidělení bytu, nízké mzdě či vyměřenému důchodu, potížím s pracovním uplatněním či zaměstnavatelem, diskriminaci při povolování cest do zahraničí a vystěhování nebo kvůli nepřijetí dětí ke studiu na střední či vysoké škole. Většina pisatelů přitom prosazovala svůj osobní zájem a k celospolečenské situaci se vyjadřovala pouze tehdy, pokud to s ním nějak souviselo nebo jim to mohlo prospět. Prezidentská kancelář věnovala stížnostem občanů velkou pozornost a v mnoha případech její intervence skutečně pomohla zjednat nápravu. V tomto ohledu mělo podle autora rozhodně smysl psát prezidentovi, byť mnohé prosby zůstaly nevyslyšeny a zejména stížnosti s politickým podtextem i bez odpovědi.
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Sovětským Orientem: meziválečné cesty československých spisovatelů do periferních oblastí Sovětského svazu

38%
Šimová K.
Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)
|
2020
|
vol. 27
|
issue 3-4
591-604
EN
The third segment is related to a group of topics which can be summarized under a Foucaultian term biopolitics. It consists mainly of a fight against illiteracy and an emphasis on education, development of a medical care system, or building or leisure and cultural institutions (clubs, cinemas, theaters). The principal tool and prime mover of the modernization process is labour which is, in a country striving to build a Communist system, not just a factor of existence, a source of subsistence, but, first and foremost, an existential factor – the meaning of life and a source of happiness and contentment – and also a medium of socialization and disciplination. It is through labour that the Soviet man or woman steps beyond his or her individual needs and interests and becomes a useful part of the society and a “new man”.
CS
Hlavním nástrojem a hybatelem modernizačního procesu je práce, která ve státě budujícím komunismus představuje nejen existenční faktor jako zdroj obživy, ale především faktor existenciální – smysl života, zdroj štěstí a spokojenosti – a současně médium socializace a disciplinace. Právě prostřednictvím práce sovětský člověk překračuje své individuální potřeby a zájmy, a stává se tak platnou součástí společnosti a „novým člověkem“.
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