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K charakteristice postavy s vyprávěcí funkcí v některých ruských a českých postmoderních románech

100%

Artemov A.

Studia Slavica

2014

vol. 18

issue 1

35-48

A character and the problems associated therewith are one of fundamental issues of the literary work interpretation. Most works devoted to characters in literary works take a rather more specific view of this concept (i.e. particular character(s) of a specific novel is/are analyzed). Both in the Czech and Russian literary theory, there is a vast variety of works associated with analyses of individual characters or their groups, but the studies analysing a character as a theoretical concept have emerged rarely. What is more, there is not any single study to cover the characters of works that belong to one literary school. This contribution especially addresses the issue of a narrative function and its relation to a character. Based on the demonstrative materials, we can claim that the Czech and Russian postmodernist novels are characterized by a mixed method of separation of a narrative function and characters. These categories partly blend together and partly go through each other. We also want to highlight, among others, a wider grasp of a narrative function than ever before, where the influence of a narrative role is limited not only by living human beings. The postmodernist novel sees a deliberate gradual transfer from the world of characters to the world of an implicit author and other metamorphoses, which can also be explained by the impact of communication theories (to that effect that an implicit author or a character with a narrative function communicates in any way (often indirectly) with the characters of the story they talk about). The lines among the participants in the communication chain in the latest novels are “transparent”, as manifested by a certain effort to get rid of certain rules and concepts that is apparent in the postmodernist texts. The author considers the deconstruction effect one of the reasons for this approach but he also believes that it is one of the methods the authors use to demonstrate freedom of aesthetical methods, to experiment and to attempt to put “something incompatible” together. The postmodernist novels show the general “art for art’s sake” principle that was already present at the romanticists in the 19th century. Aesthetics of the postmodernist Russian and Czech novels manifests itself in a complexity of various text layers. One of the essential marks of postmodernist aesthetics in the concept of a character with a narrative function is that the “statements” are frequently made by someone (a drunk, a lunatic, a child, a ghost) whose words may be easily denied, disproved or modified. Using those characters, the authors seem to leave room for inserting other layers (illusive, apparent, “true” against the previous ones). The postmodernist novels include a special use of focalization where the characters look at themselves, describing themselves. This is enabled by the transfer from one condition to another, ability of some characters to reincarnate as well as by multilayered structure of the story.

Denominational, Religious and Cult Identifications Declared by School and University Youth in Poland. Based on the Results of Sociological Research Conducted in the Second Half of the 20th Century and in Both Decades of the 21st Century

67%

Baniak J.

Konteksty Społeczne

2020

vol. 8

issue 2

In this article, I analyze the identifications of middle school, high school, and university students with: Catholic Church (denominational), faith in God (religious) and compulsory religious practices (cultic). These identifications were evident in the attitudes, beliefs, behaviour and actions of Polish youth in the second half of the 20th century and in both decades of the 21st century. The basis for this presentation are the results of sociological research carried out between 1956 and 2018 by a number of researchers into the religiosity and morality of young people studying in middle schools, high schools and studying in universities. To what extent did the Polish youth consolidate their own faith and continue the religious traditions handed down to them by their parents during their religious upbringing in their own beliefs and actions? What percentage of these young people doubted these religious truths and the value of traditions, or rejected them as unnecessary in their personal and religious lives? I will answer these questions based on the research findings in this article, taking into account her declarations regarding these identifications.

W artykule tym analizuję identyfikacje młodzieży szkół gimnazjalnych, średnich i studentów wyższych uczelni z: Kościołem katolickim (wyznaniowe), wiarą w Boga (religijne) i obowiązkowymi praktykami religijnymi (kultyczne). Identyfikacje te były widoczne w postawach, przekonaniach, zachowaniu i działaniach młodzieży polskiej w drugiej połowie XX wieku i w obu dekadach XXI wieku. Podstawę do tej prezentacji stanowią wyniki badań socjologicznych zrealizowanych w latach 1956–2018 przez wielu badaczy religijności i moralności młodzieży uczącej się w gimnazjach, szkołach średnich i studiującej w uczelniach wyższych. W jakiej skali badana młodzież polska utrwalała własną wiarę i kontynuowała tradycje religijne przekazane jej przez rodziców podczas wychowaniu religijnego we własnych przekonaniach i działaniach? Jaki odsetek spośród tej młodzieży zwątpił w te prawdy religijne i wartość tradycji, czy też odrzucił je jako zbędne w swoim życiu osobistym i religijnym? Na te pytania odpowiem na podstawie wyników badań w tym artykule, jej deklaracje dotyczące tych identyfikacji.

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K charakteristice postavy s vyprávěcí funkcí v některých ruských a českých postmoderních románech

Denominational, Religious and Cult Identifications Declared by School and University Youth in Poland. Based on the Results of Sociological Research Conducted in the Second Half of the 20th Century and in Both Decades of the 21st Century