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EN
The following article discusses some problems in the translation of the German comic book “Der Fönig” into Polish. The main concern is to define the semantic dominant of the source text correctly and to find any adequate translation possibilities of language phenomena, which could contribute to problems in the translator’s work. As the source text has not been translated into Polish yet, the author presents his own translation proposals of two problematic fragments of the German original.
EN
Along Wolfgang Iser’s considerations-formulated in his work entitled The Range of Interpretation-we can speak about translation whenever a shift of levels/registers takes place. Literary interpretation is essentially an act of translation. As Iser points out, the register to which interpretation translates always depends on the subject matter that is translated. Translation does not repeat its subject matter, making it redundant, but transposes it into another register while the subject matter itself is also tailored by the interpretive register. The presentation aims to discuss the question of translatability in relation to the hermeneutical concept of application, and proposes to rethink the issue of change of the medium of artistic expression in the light of the concept of artistic reproduction as posited by Hans-Georg Gadamer’s hermeneutics in his seminal work Truth and Method.
FR
In this article I endeavour to tackle the myth of Derrida’s untranslatability. First, I present the theoretical basis for my research – Henri Meschonnic’s poetics of translation. Then, I try to determine the factors which make translating Derrida’s texts difficult: the polysemy of his most important terms and the “terminological fields,” that is all the terms related to each other. Two examples of these fields support my argument. Finally, I analyse some Polish translations of Derrida’s text and show linguistic difficulties in Polish translations of La différance and other texts, where not only the Derridean style, but also grammar, vocabulary, and expertise in philosophy leave a lot to be desired.
EN
This article deals with the current state of development of two main categories of modern translation theory: “untranslatability” and “non-equivalence”. Untranslatability belongs to translation-theoretic universals and is a binary category. The essence of the phenomenon, its nature, as well as such concepts as “translation losses”, “untranslatable units”, “translatological classification of text types” are considered. The differences in the meaning of the concepts “untranslatability” and “non-equivalence” are described. The article objective is to show actuality and pecularity of their manifistation in the context of the Russian and German languages.
EN
Tadeusz Różewicz’s Mother Departs is a late work of one of Poland’s most important writers — a polyphonic elegy dedicated to his mother, who died in 1957. The articles discusses the possible reasons of Różewicz’s relative absence in the English-speaking world and proceeds to analyze the importance of Mother Departs in his oeuvre. This award-winning book, which testifies to the impossibility of overcoming the grieving of loss, is composed of a variety of textual fragments, including documentary material, such as diaries, notebooks and letters, as well as literary works by the poet’s brother and the poet himself. Różewicz moves between the documentary and the lyrical, between the historical and the personal, between memory and grief, while merging the elegy for his mother with his own farewell, which stems from the sense of the poet’s own imminent departure. The English translator of the work had to deal with such problems as the rendering of culture specific items and emotionally charged passages of grief and tenderness, often expressed in diminutives which have no equivalents in English.
EN
A lot of postcolonial novels feature characters with disordered communication, unable to express their will, existing outside of language. These most often unnamed traces of autism and/or intellectual disability become in fictional narrative an element disturbing the expected outcome of postcolonial vindications, out of which the most important is regaining by a marginalized character the sense of subjectivity, realized as a possibility to tell one’s own story. Basing on Ato Quayson’s concept of “aesthetic nervousness”, the article traces how literary and cultural representations of disability introduce into a text affective-cognitive mechanisms which reveal, as Ato Quayson says, “heremeneutic impasse” caused by a confrontation of the norm with disability. This blocked path of text interpretation poses the radical example of untranslatability which will not be abated or compensated by the effort to substitute lack represented by the autistic subject (lack of speech, communication, subjectivity – in general – lack of participation in the universe of interlocution, as Seyla Benhabib calls it). Hermeneutic impasse is, then, inscribed in the very narrative structure featuring an autistic character. On the basis of J. M. Coetzee’s novels, the article analyses this impasse as resistance that untranslatability poses against the attempts to understand, that is, represent, such a subject. These attempts, ethical as to their purpose, end up, however, in containment.
PL
A lot of postcolonial novels feature characters with disordered communication, unable to express their will, existing outside of language. These most often unnamed traces of autism and/or intellectual disability become in fictional narrative an element disturbing the expected outcome of postcolonial vindications, out of which the most important is regaining by a marginalized character the sense of subjectivity, realized as a possibility to tell one’s own story. Basing on Ato Quayson’s concept of “aesthetic nervousness”, the article traces how literary and cultural representations of disability introduce into a text affective-cognitive mechanisms which reveal, as Ato Quayson says, “heremeneutic impasse” caused by a confrontation of the norm with disability. This blocked path of text interpretation poses the radical example of untranslatability which will not be abated or compensated by the effort to substitute lack represented by the autistic subject (lack of speech, communication, subjectivity – in general – lack of participation in the universe of interlocution, as Seyla Benhabib calls it). Hermeneutic impasse is, then, inscribed in the very narrative structure featuring an autistic character. On the basis of J. M. Coetzee’s novels, the article analyses this impasse as resistance that untranslatability poses against the attempts to understand, that is, represent, such a subject. These attempts, ethical as to their purpose, end up, however, in containment.
EN
The aim of this research is to estimate the degree of dialect untranslatability in audiovisual translation (AVT). Polish regiolects may constitute a significant barrier to interlingual transfer. The problems with non-standard varieties of a language, which are frequently incomprehensible even to native speakers of their standard counterparts, can be overcome by means of, inter alia, explanatory periphrastic substitution added to the translated text. In the method of subtitling examined in this research, however, a translation of this kind is nearly impossible due to the broadly defined aesthetics of film (e.g. time and space constraints frequently applied to the mode of AVT). Therefore, this article examines the hypothesis of dual constraint, which assumes a two-fold hindrance to a successful AV dialect transfer (i.e. the lack of equivalents in the target language and the aforementioned aesthetic requirements of film). The corpus of the material researched here is based on the English subtitles for the screen adaptation of Chłopi — a Nobel Prize-winning novel written by Władysław Stanisław Reymont (The Peasants; PolArt Video 2006). This article provides the theoretical background for the subsequent study as well as introduces its own classification of the translation techniques (applicable to this particular piece of research as well as to other AV dialect transfers). The research part focuses on the research proper. The findings are briefly summarised and conclusions are drawn.
PL
The aim of this article is to describe the definition of a “cultural element” and to provide an analysis of the methods used in the translation of Yurii Andrukhovych’s autobiographical text The Secret. Instead of a Novel. The work was published in 2007 by the publishing house Folio in Kharkiv (Ukraine), and it was translated into the Polish language by Michał Petryk. “Cultural elements” mean here those elements of the text that are a part of the culture of a given country. These include such elements as personal and generic titles, phrases, fragments of texts from a country’s literature, statements by famous people related to the important events that happened in the country. They also include the social, political, scientific, and cultural environment, including music, cinematography, and more. Yurii Andrukhovych outlines many of the details that were characteristic for the USSR and tries not to distort the facts. The Secret is an autobiographical novel; therefore, it contains many reminiscences about the Soviet Union, Ukrainian culture, and literature. An autobiography becomes a kind of time machine for him, an attempt to reconstruct the past. Therefore, he pays a lot of attention to the smaller things and tries to convey the details of the atmosphere of the time described. Because of this, the work is saturated with cultural elements that may cause untranslatability. The cultural elements mentioned in Yurii Andrukhovych’s text and the correlation of translation have not been often analysed in the past scientific studies; hence, this creates a need for scientific research. The scope of this study is limited to the group of literary-political cultural elements. The article analyses the methods chosen by the translator and compares the level of equivalence of the translated text to the original; also, it finds the causes of untranslatability of the novel.
EN
The paper addresses the issue of untranslatability as the resultant of three basic factors, which constitute the content of a translated message and which are interconnected in various proportions: thought originating in the mind, culture as the background for human thinking, and language as a tool for expression. The illustrative material is constituted by four messages: the verbal (textual) layer of the first three is accompanied by the context in the form of a drawing, while the context in the last message is evoked by means of a grammatical structure. In describing the message interpretation mechanisms in the context provided, the author avails of the theory of mental spaces by Fauconnier (1985).
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problem nieprzekładalności jako wypadkowej działania łączących się ze sobą w rozmaitych proporcjach trzech podstawowych czynników budujących przekaz przekładanego komunikatu: myśli zrodzonej w umyśle, kultury stanowiącej tło ludzkiego myślenia oraz języka jako narzędzia ekspresji. Jako ilustracja służą cztery przykłady komunikatów; w trzech pierwszych warstwie werbalnej (tekstowej) towarzyszy kontekst w postaci rysunku; w ostatnim kontekst przywoływany jest za pomocą struktury gramatycznej. Opisując mechanizmy interpretacji komunikatu w towarzyszącym mu kontekście, autorka odwołuje się do teorii przestrzeni mentalnych, stworzonej przez Fauconniera (1985).
EN
Slang is certainly one of the aspects of language that are the most difficult to translate, even if we do not agree with those who consider language or even slang as untranslatable. In this paper we will present the case of the Hungarian translation of BorisVian’s last novel published under the pseudonym of Vernon Sullivan, Elles serendent pascompte. The main the difficulty for the translator consisted in expressing in contemporary Hungarian the essentially playful French general slang used by Vian towards the end of the 1940’s.
EN
This article deals with the substitution, a popular and very difficult translator’s tool, which competently used allows to solve the problem of untranslatability and to blur the cultural and linguistic differences between the original text and the translation. Taking as the example very popular Italian translations of Wisława Szymborska’s poetry by Pietro Marchesani there is presented a characteristic and a general categorization of this transformation. We can specify the following types: lexical, grammatical, stylistic and metric. Thanks to the skillful use of the substitution Pietro Marchesani manages to keep the poetic essence of Szymborska’s poetry and at the same time to give the impression that her poetry is written in Italian.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł traktuje o substytucji, popularnym i bardzo trudnym narzędziu translatorskim, który umiejętnie użyty pozwala rozwiązać problem nieprzekładalności oraz zatarcie różnic kulturowych i językowych między oryginałem a przekładem. Na przykładzie popularnych we Włoszech przekładów poezji Wisławy Szymborskiej autorstwa Pietra Marchesaniego zostaje przedstawiona charakterystyka oraz ogólna kategoryzacja tej transformacji. Można wymienić następujące jej typy: leksykalny, gramatyczny, stylistyczny i metryczny. Między innymi dzięki umiejętnym posługiwaniu się narzędziem substytucji Pietrze Marchesaniemu udało się zachować poetycką kwintesencję poezji Szymborskiej, a przy tym sprawić wrażenie, że jej poezja została napisana po włosku.
EN
The article is a continuation and a revision of its author’s research on English translations of Norwid’s works. The questions which are put forward (who translates Norwid’s texts? Which texts? in what way? why?) are viewed from a translatological perspective. The author shows discrepancy between the method of translating Norwid’s works (which strive at full equivalence and loyalty) and their reception by the target audience. Acceptability depends on the full comprehensibility of translations by their readers who understand Polish connotations only to a limited extent as these border on untranslatability.
PL
Artykuł jest kontynuacją i próbą rewizji badań autorki, poświęconych tłumaczeniom utworów Norwida na język angielski. Zawarte w nim dane dotyczące przekładu tekstów poety (które tłumaczono? w jaki sposób? kto je przekłada? dlaczego?) są interpretowane z translatologicznego punktu widzenia. Autorka pokazuje m.in. rozdźwięk pomiędzy sposobem przekładu dzieł Norwida (idącym konsekwentnie wbrew modom i normom translatorycznym kultury docelowej – tj. dążącym do pełnej ekwiwalencji z oryginałem), a przyjęciem tych przekładów przez odbiorców translacji. Akceptowalność zależy od pełni zrozumienia tłumaczeń przez czytelników, którzy w bardzo ograniczonym zakresie pojmują ich polskie konotacje, ponieważ graniczą one z nieprzekładalnością.
EN
The purpose of the present article is to direct attention to a rather infrequent perspective on translating culturally-embedded concepts. It constitutes an attempt to grade the instances of cultural untranslatability in a source text from translator’s perspective by employing as examples a few culturally humorous utterances from the American TV series The Big Bang Theory. In the initial part of the substantial theoretical section the article launches into the discussion over the position of culture in translation theory, recalling the “cultural turn” of the 1980s and touching upon the relationship between language and culture, while also enumerating the prevalent techniques for translating culture-bound concepts. Since culture can often be reflected in humour, the ensuing part investigates its varieties and approaches to humour in translation. The third part of the section is a discussion over the concept of untranslatability. It ponders upon the dichotomy into linguistic and cultural untranslatability and its purposefulness in the light of the language-kulture debate in linguistic studies. It also offers an insight into approaches to untranslatability, leading to the discussion over its absoluteness and/or gradability. Based on the foregoing, the latter section offers an attempt at grading the instances of untranslatability on the basis of culture-bound humour from The Big Bang Theory TV series. By presenting three examples from the series, the chapter introduces three categories of (un)translatable utterances: culture bumps, complex linguistic hurdles and culture clashes.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na raczej rzadko spotykane podejście do tłumaczenia pojęć zakorzenionych w kulturze. Jest on próbą gradacji występowania nieprzetłumaczalności kulturowej w tekście źródłowym z perspektywy tłumacza poprzez wykorzystanie kilku przykładów humorystycznych kulturowo wypowiedzi z amerykańskiego serialu Teoria wielkiego podrywu. Początkową część jakże istotnej sekcji teoretycznej artykułu stanowi dyskusja na temat pozycji kultury w teorii tłumaczenia, odwołująca się do zjawiska „zwrotu kulturowego” z lat 80.XX wieku oraz poruszająca temat związku między językiem i kulturą, wymieniając jednocześnie główne techniki tłumaczenia pojęć kulturowych. Jako że kultura może być często odzwierciedlona w humorze, dalsza część rozpatruje jego odmiany i podejścia do tłumaczenia humoru. Trzecia część tej sekcji stanowi dyskusję na temat pojęcia nieprzetłumaczalności. Przedstawia rozważania dotyczące podziału nieprzetłumaczalności na językową i kulturową oraz jego celowości w świetle debaty w studiach językoznawczych o związku języka i kultury. Oferuje ona również wgląd w podejścia do nieprzetłumaczalności, prowadząc do dyskusji na temat nieprzetłumaczalności bezwzględnej oraz/lub jej gradacji. Na podstawie powyższego końcowa sekcja proponuje próbę gradacji przypadków nieprzetłumaczalności na podstawie humoru kulturowego w serialu Teoria wielkiego podrywu. Przez prezentację trzech przykładów z serialu rozdział wprowadza trzy kategorie wyrażeń (nie)przetłumaczalnych: culture bumps – wyboje kulturowe, complex linguistic hurdles – złożone językowe przeszkody oraz culture clashes – zderzenia kultur.
HR
Ovaj tekst predstavlja jedan od najnovijih romana Dubravke Ugrešić smatrani kao predmet prijevoda. Roman "Ministarstvo boli" utemeljen na jugoslavenskoj prošlosti u ponekim se djelovima pokazuje blizak nemogućnosti prevođenja. Problem se osobito odnosi na esejističke dijelove koje ocjenjuju hrvatsku književnost ili komunizam u bivšoj Jugoslaviji. Dorota Jovanka Ćirlić, kao prevoditeljica, odlučila je objasniti neke od poteškoća u odvojenoj bilješci dodanoj romanu (napomene dopunjavaju komentar autorice). Problematične riječi i fraze ostavljene bez takvog objašnjenja mogu ga naći izravno u romanu (deskriptivno komentirane) ili prepuštene su sposobnosti čitatelja. Osim kulturne osnove u romanu postoji također jezično pitanje koje s obzirom na njegovi komplicirani karakter i strategiju prevođenja u tome slučaju trebalo bi prikazati posebno na drugom mjestu.
EN
The text presents one of Dubravka Ugresic’s latest novels perceived as the subject of translation. "The ministry of pain" founded on (ex-)Yugoslavian past turns out extremely difficult, in some parts it seems close to the untranslability. The problem concerns especially the parts which are more essayistic and estimate Croatian literature or communism in former Yugoslavia. Dorota Jovanka Ćirlić, the translator, had decided to explain some of the difficulties in her special note added to the novel (the footnotes supplement the writer’s endnotes). The troublesome words and phrases left without that kind of explanation might find it directly in the novel (descriptively commented) or require reader’s self-reliance. Apart from the cultural setting there is also a language question in the novel which because of its complex character and the translation strategy shall be interpreted separately.
PL
Autorka artykułu skupia się na dwóch technikach tłumaczenia audiowizualnego – na dubbingu i filmie z lektorem. Celem pracy jest obalenie mitu o absolutnej nieprzekładalności kulturowej, zaś badaniem zostały poddane fragmenty filmów o super bohaterach. Tłumacz audiowizualny musi stawić czoło wielu wyzwaniom, jednakże strategie stosowane do przekładów tekstów nacechowanych kulturowo są pomocne, a wręcz niezbędne w procesie przekładu. Jedną z takich strategii jest adaptacja, która jest efektywna i przyczynia się do pozytywnego odbioru filmu przez widza docelowego. Właściwa interpretacja fragmentów kulturowych warunkuje przystępność języka i może przyczynić się do wzmocnienia efektu humorystycznego w Polskiej wersji językowej. Analizowane przykłady pokazują, że tłumacze wykazali się kreatywnością a ich wybory translatorskie nierzadko były zaskakujące, co zostało docenione przez odbiorców.
EN
The author focuses on two modes of audiovisual translation – dubbing and voice-over. The aim of this paper is to dispel the myth of absolute cultural non-translatability, and excerpts from films about super heroes are examined to this purpose. An audiovisual translator faces many challenges, and translation strategies for texts characterised by cultural elements are not only helpful but indispensable in facilitating the translation process. One such strategy is adaptation, which proves to be highly effective and contributes to the positive reception of films by their intended viewers. The correct interpretation of the cultural fragments determines the accessibility of the language and can contribute to enhancing the humorous effect in the Polish language version. The analyzed movie excerpts demonstrate that the Polish versions contain creative and sometimes unexpected translational ideas for adapting the source-culture elements to the target culture, resulting in dialogue that is appreciated by Polish viewers.
HR
Članak govori o načinu prevođenja djela Vedrane Rudan, jedne od najpopularnijih hrvatskih spisateljica u Poljskoj. Suvremene teorije upućuju na prijevod kao fokus znanstveno ‑istraživačkog rada. Zato je u članku naglasak stavljen na poljsku kulturu i jezik, kao i poljsku recepciju hrvatske književnosti. U radu su prikazani i analizirani problemi prevođenja s hrvatskoga jezika na poljski vezani uz psovke, seks i književne aluzije.
EN
This article shows the various translations of Vedrana Rudan who is one of the most popular Croatian writers in Poland. A common view of translation says that focusing on a translation not the original is needed. That is why Polish culture, language and the reception of Croatian literature in Poland are key factors. Therefore in this article the problems with translating the Croatian language such as swearwords, sex and literary allusions into Polish have been shown.
EN
The paper presents the key concepts in Translation Studies such as untranslatability and equivalence. The author seeks to gain an insight into the theories relevant for translation and their development especially in the field of literary translation. To translate means to understand and explore the unique and extraordinary world created by the author in order to be able to reproduce it in another language and to evoke similar reactions, emotions and reflections.
IT
Gli aspetti principali che riguardano la traduzione e che infatti sono i concetti chiave nella discussione sull’attivita di tradurre come l’equivalenza e l’intraducibilita vengono presentati nell’articolo, che cerca di spiegare e chiarire gli studi sulla traduzione e il loro sviluppo riguardando particolarmente la traduzione letteraria. Tradurre i testi letterari significa approfondire, comprendere ed esplorare il mondo unico ed eccezionale dell’autore, cioe entrare in questo mondo e poi creare un duplicato in un’altra lingua che potrebbe evocare simili reazioni, emozioni e riflessioni.
Onomastica
|
2019
|
vol. 63
263-278
EN
The Translation of Chinese Proper Names: A Cognitive Approach The article focuses on the translation of non-literary Chinese proper names, a subject which to date has not enjoyed much research interest as a result of the common belief that proper names are untranslatable. The article discusses techniques used in the translation of Chinese anthroponyms, toponyms and brand names into Polish and English. The author refers to the strategies used in the process of transferring names to the target language and presents the consequences of applying given techniques from the cognitive perspective, which entails analysing the names in terms of their structure and meaning. Particular attention is paid to the connotations of the names, the impact they have on the speakers of a given language, as well as the mental images that can be derived from their structure. In the contrastive analysis of the names of tourist locations in Beijing and their Polish and English equivalents, the author applies the cognitive grammar approach as developed by Ronald W. Langacker. The image schemas of the names are used to present the distinct conceptualizations embodied in the names with the same references in different languages. One of the chapters describes how European names are adapted into Chinese. The study also provides an overview of the characteristics of the Chinese onomasticon, a factor which makes translation from Chinese to European languages particularly complicated. The observations made in the course of the analysis permit conclusions to be drawn on the linguistic worldview created by Polish, Chinese and English propria.
PL
Tłumaczenie elementów kulturowych okazuje się wyzwaniem, zmuszając tłumaczy do odnoszenia się do ich pozatekstowej wiedzy. Taka konieczność jest zauważalna zwłaszcza w przypadku nazw własnych, które stanowią pokaźną część powieści Olgi Tokarczuk „Prawiek i inne czasy”. Jej tłumaczka na angielski, Antonia Lloyd-Jones, zdecydowała się na użycie jedynie kilku strategii tłumaczeniowych wyszczególnionych przez Andrew Chestermana, co w wielu przypadkach pozbawiło tekst jego złożoności.
EN
Translating culture-specific elements proves to be a challenging task, obliging the translator to refer to his/her extratextual knowledge. Such a necessity is especially noticeable in the case of onomastics which constitutes a vital part of Olga Tokarczuk’s novel Primeval and Other Times. Its English translator, Antonia Lloyd-Jones, decided to adopt only a few of translation strategies for proper nouns specified by Andrew Chesterman, which in most instances bereft the source text of its complexity.
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