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EN
The article considers the usefulness of factoring as a short-term instrument allowing enterprises to finance their activities. Suppliers choosing factoring can offer buyers extended debt payment periods, improve their liquidity, as well as gaining access to additional services offered by factors. This analysis focuses on the benefits, usefulness and weaknesses of factoring, including the business effects of this facility and the prospects of its development. An attempt is made to demonstrate that factoring has a great potential for growth as a source of short-term funding for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Two methods are used to this end: a review of the pertinent Polish and foreign literature including research articles, and a questionnaire survey of 20 SMEs with relevant experience in using this facility. The analysis of the usefulness and cost-effectiveness of factoring shows that in the period 2010–2014 in which market instabilities were observed factoring was a useful and frequently employed means of short-term funding.
Stylistyka
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2019
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vol. 28
321-332
EN
Noble sylva undoubtedly constitutes a special type of writing in the 17th and 18th centuries and is referred to by the researchers as the noble archive of memory. It preserves the most important traces that build the historical, state, family, cultural and literary (etc.) identityfor the community. At the same time, noble sylva, acting as a model, is for the then nobility a special erudite source of good style, understood as stabilised, conventional, and therefore typical and readable for the recipients of occasional literature.
EN
Much research has been aimed at resolving such issues as the quality of financial reporting and harmonization of report preparation methodology. In this regard, the objective is to identify a number of problems in the accounting system of the Republic of Moldova, which reduce the usefulness of small business financial reports, and develop practical recommendations to improve the quality of the financial reporting information content. The research has been conducted using both the general scientific and special methods, i.e., system approach, comparison and content analysis, synthesis, modeling. The main methods, on the basis of which the research algorithm has been constructed, entail content analysis and comparison. A conceptual analysis of the accounting and reporting system’s regulatory provisions and legal framework has been carried out; individual accounting methodology terms have been conceptually interpreted; a conceptual assessment ‘Changes in Equity Statement’ information perimeter and its usefulness has been conducted. The research is of scientific significance in terms of improving the conceptual apparatus and determining the development prospects for the national accounting system. The proposed changes in the regulatory and legal framework of the RM accounting system, as well as the recommended reconstruction of the Changes in Equity Statement are of practical importance. The study show a perspective on eliminating the ambiguity and paralogism in the conceptual apparatus of the national accounting system. It also presents a viewpoint on the modeling of financial reporting and the formation of optimal parameters for the quality and informativeness thereof.
EN
A reading of many recent publications shows that theoretical concerns in the field of linguistics have declined, even though the founders of the discipline all emphasised the central importance of its role. This article aims to show how linguistic description has progressed thanks to the different theoretical tools that have been developed in the course of research. From this point of view, this article illustrates the following facts: lexicon, semantics and syntax are not separate instances but together form the units that are sentences. The elements of sentences must be described in terms of the set of properties that characterise them. This is the case for regular sequences. Finally, one of the promising objectives consists in finding a reasoned classification of fixed sequences. Linguistics, like any science, cannot do without theoretical tools.
Forum Pedagogiczne
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2019
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vol. 9
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issue 2/1
237-251
PL
At Japanese universities, the standing of the humanities has declined considerably over the last two decades. This decline is reminiscent of Bill Readings’ account of American universities as articulated in his University in Ruins (1996). In Readings’ analysis, American universities are ‘ruined’ because they have abandoned their intrinsic cultural mission in a shift that greatly undermines the standing of the humanities. His recommendation in the American context of the time is the adoption of a certain rhythm of disciplinary attachment and detachment, such as giving more weight to short-term collaborative projects on the assumption that every collaboration has a certain half-life. The manner in which Japanese universities are dealing with the shift against the humanities is more complex than Readings’ recommendation. While the government’s policy makers favor short-term usefulness in a sense superficially similar to Readings’ recommendation, scholars in the humanities tend to insist that the usefulness of humanities is undeniable but needs to be evaluated on a longer timescale.
EN
This essay probes Miłosz’s attitude to confessional poetry, or rather it examines his stance on confessionalism as a seemingly irremovable element of any poetic utterance. By means of such terms as decorum, the referentiality of poetic language and its usefulness, it demonstrates why Miłosz himself refrained from overtly confessional modes of poetic utterance, drawing too heavily on the poet’s own experiences, which may in turn result in blurred distinctions between biography and literature. One of the reasons why the poet so intensely disliked excessive confessionalism is its intention to describe the speaker’s emotions, while according to the Polish poet, the main task of poetry is to celebrate the dazzling beauty of the outside world, whose existence transcends and surpasses the insignifi cantly small inner world of a troubled psyche. Last but not least, the usefulness of poetry, as Miłosz understood it, is that which enables poems written in diverse countries and epochs to intensify the contemporary reader’s sense of belonging to the large family of the human race.
7
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O utylitarystycznych założeniach nowożytnej nauki

63%
EN
The article analyses the origin of the utilitarian vision of modern science. It interprets the differences between classical Greek vision of science and modern natural sciences and humanities. A thesis has been presented that modern separation of science from philosophy is connected with the dominant claim from scientists as for usefulness of their research. The knowledge itself is deprecated. This situation has huge inflence on modern understanding of academic educational purposes and the sense of the existence of universities.
PL
Zmiany, jakie dotykają sektor kultury, nie omijają jej znaczącego elementu – kadr realizujących działalność kulturalną. Szczególnym przejawem zmian w tym obszarze a głównie w ostatniej dekadzie, jest silna presja ukierunkowania na permanentne podnoszenie kompetencji utożsamiane z rozwojem zawodowym i profesjonalizacją działań w kulturze. Presja jest tym silniejsza, im mocniejsze jest przekonanie rynków i gospodarek o rosnącej, w skali europejskiej i światowej, wartości ekonomicznej tak zwanych przemysłów kultury i przemysłów kreatywnych. W ślad za tym pojawiają się coraz liczniej propozycje szkoleniowe skierowane do przedstawicieli instytucji i organizacji kulturalnych. Analizując wyniki badań nad aktualnymi i pożądanymi kompetencjami kadr kultury, opublikowane w raportach pochodzących z lat 2013-2015, narasta zaniepokojenie ufundowane na przekonaniu, że coraz częściej to co w kulturze wartościowe, zastępowane jest kategorią użyteczności, efektywności, tymczasowości i zysku. Próbą wprowadzenia do dyskursu czynnika równoważącego ten obraz jest prezentowany artykuł.
EN
The changes that occurred in the cultural sector have affected its significant tissue – professionals who work in different areas of that sector. A strong emphasis put on a permanent increase of competences of culture staff (identified and equalled with professional development) has become a particular manifestation of this trend during the last decade. The stronger is a conviction (the European and world market have) about the economical value of the so called “culture and creative industry”, the stronger is the pressure. Following this tendency a lot of training proposals addressed to the staff of culture institutions and culture organizations appear in the educational market. The results of research (2013-2015) on competencies (both those expected and present) of the professionals in culture raise concern. The anxiety comes from a conviction that what is important and valuable in culture is being gradually replaced by the categories of usefulness, effectiveness, temporariness and profitability. This paper is an attempt to enrich the discourse in the field with balancing ideas.
EN
Purpose: Accounting for goodwill is one of the most controversial areas of financial reporting. For dec-ades, it has been subject to numerous changes, including options from writing it off to equity to keeping it permanently at cost. In the author’s opinion, this instability of the accounting approach results from an insufficient understanding of the economic essence of goodwill. There is a conflict between accounting regulations, where there is a clear trend to extend its useful life, and business logic, which defines good-will as an unstable and constantly evolving network of relationships between resources. The aim of this article is to analyze if the present accounting treatment of this item correctly reflects its economic es-sence. Methodology/approach: Research was carried out based on data obtained directly from the finan-cial statements of the top twenty listed entities in Poland, the UK, the USA, and Germany. Findings: Appropriate ratios have been calculated to substantiate the view that the entities take advantage of ac-counting regulations and, in practice, useful life ranges from 20 to over 100 years, depending on the country. Originality/value: Research has proven that the present accounting treatment in terms of recog-nition and measurement of goodwill is not in line with the economic essence of this balance sheet item.
PL
Cel: Ujęcie księgowe nabytej wartości firmy to jeden z najbardziej kontrowersyjnych obszarów rachun-kowości finansowej. W ciągu ostatnich dziesięcioleci było ono obszarem bardzo istotnych zmian – od podejścia opartego na natychmiastowym spisywaniu wartości firmy w korespondencji z kapitałami wła-snymi do permanentnego utrzymywania jej w bilansie. Zdaniem autora niestabilność podejścia księgo-wego wynika z niedostatecznego zrozumienia istoty ekonomicznej goodwillu. Istnieje konflikt między regulacjami księgowymi, gdzie widoczny jest trend do wydłużania okresu jej ekonomicznej użyteczno-ści, a logiką biznesową, definiującą ją jako niestabilną i nieustannie ewoluującą sieć powiązań między zasobami. Celem artykułu jest analiza zgodności księgowego ujęcia i wyceny wartości firmy z istotą ekonomiczną tej kategorii. Metodyka/podejście: Badanie zostało przeprowadzone na podstawie danych pozyskanych bezpośrednio ze sprawozdań finansowych największych dwudziestu spółek notowanych na giełdach w Polsce, Wielkiej Brytanii, USA, w Niemczech. Wyniki: Obliczone na tej podstawie wskaźniki pozwoliły udowodnić tezę, że jednostki wykorzystują istniejące regulacje księgowe, aby wydłużać księ-gowy okres użyteczności wartości firmy, który waha się od 20 do nawet 100 lat. Oryginalność/wartość: Przeprowadzona analiza dowodzi, że obecne podejścia do ujmowania i wyceny wartości firmy nie są zgodne z istotą ekonomiczną tej pozycji bilansowej.
EN
The article presents one of the components of the intellectual legacy of Polish positivism, a philosophical position which proposed a new attitude towards ethical issues. Its representatives put forward the notion of scientific ethics, reducing moral philosophy to it. They strongly emphasized their critical attitude towards traditional ethics, for which there was no place in the positivist model of science, and proposed a distinction between theoretical and practical ethics. Their project was motivated by an ambition to make ethics into jurisprudence, a discipline whose accuracy would make it similar to other sciences. Their efforts were consistently motivated by the idea of making ethics into an empirical and applied science. This scientific ethics would fulfill the important task of forming a set of moral requirements, which, by referring to moral knowledge (“ethology”), would have a chance of influencing the conduct of individuals and society. The new ethics was expected to contribute to the change in social morality and thus greatly support moral progress, an issue which was hotly debated. All positivists subscribed to the idea of progress, including that of morality; however, some differences can be discerned in how they defined progress. Some defined it in realistic categories, while others focused on optimistic visions of the future. Among the first advocates of scientific ethics and of the idea of moral progress, differences notwithstanding, were Aleksander Świętochowski, Julian Ochorowicz, Feliks Bogacki, Władysław Kozłowski, and Bolesław Prus. The article gives an overview of some of their views.
11
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Użyteczna wyspa

63%
Świat i Słowo
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2022
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vol. 38
|
issue 1
33-52
EN
Jules Verne’s The Mysterious Island, in unanimous opinion of critics, is the most “mysterious” of all the writer’s novels. The article’s author asks questions about what secrets this novel reveals to the contemporary reader who has recently become aware that he lives in the time of “anthropocene marasmus” (E. Bińczyk). He finds answers by confronting the text of Verne’s novel with the views of English utilitarians (J. Bentham, J. S. Mill) and the works of contemporary thinkers (R. Brague, The Kingdom of Man. The Genesis and Failure of the Modern Project, P. Sloterdijk, What Happened in the 20th Century?), and this allowed The Mysterious Island to be considered a prophetic work, another version of a modern story about the fall of man, who, believing in his creative power and the power of instrumental reason, does not see (like the characters of the novel) that the nature he uses marks the end of human agency. This kind of blindness, into which a group of nature colonizers collapse, carrying out their modernist project of “creating of ‘nothing’”, was considered a kind of anthropocene hybris.
EN
The study is devoted to the information content of the statements presenting financial flows in municipalities and intermunicipal associations in the field of municipal waste management. The objective is to: 1) identify: a) the scope of fee authority of self-government authorities in the municipal waste management fee, b) determinants of revenues and expenditures related to municipal waste management in municipalities and intermunicipal associations, in the context of the need to balance the municipal waste management system; 2) diagnose and evaluate of the method of presentation and structure of financial flows in the field of municipal waste management in budget resolutions and budget performance reports of the indicated local government units – a critical analysis of the solutions applied; and 3) present a legally possible structure of the flows in question, allowing for the rationalisation of activities in the area of municipal waste management in Poland. From the methodological point of view, a critical analysis and assessment of the existing legal regulations and solutions applied by self-government units played a key role in the study. The considerations were based on a diagnostic approach (description and evaluation of solutions applied) and a prospective approach (proposal of changes to existing solutions).
PL
Opracowanie poświęcone zostało zawartości informacyjnej zestawień prezentujących w gminach i w związkach międzygminnych przepływy finansowe z zakresu gospodarki odpadami komunalnymi. Jego celem jest: 1) identyfikacja: a) zakresu władztwa opłatowego organów samorządowych w opłacie za gospodarowanie odpadami komunalnymi, b) determinantów dochodów i wydatków związanych z gospodarką odpadami komunalnymi w gminach i związkach międzygminnych w kontekście konieczności bilansowania się systemu gospodarki odpadami komunalnymi; 2) diagnoza i ocena sposobu prezentacji i struktury przepływów finansowych z zakresu gospodarki odpadami komunalnymi w uchwałach budżetowych i sprawozdaniach z wykonania budżetu wskazanych jednostek samorządowych – krytyczna analiza praktykowanych rozwiązań; 3) prezentacja możliwej w świetle prawa struktury omawianych przepływów, pozwalającej na racjonalizowanie działań w obszarze gospodarki odpadami komunalnymi w Polsce. Od strony metodycznej w opracowaniu kluczową rolę odegrała krytyczna analiza i ocena obowiązujących regulacji prawnych oraz rozwiązań stosowanych przez jednostki samorządowe. W prowadzonych rozważaniach wykorzystano podejście diagnostyczne (opis i ocena stosowanych rozwiązań) oraz prospektywne (propozycja zmiany dotychczasowych rozwiązań).
13
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The Stateczne gniazdo

51%
Family Forum
|
2021
|
vol. 11
287-311
EN
In my essay The sober nest i wrote about families from XIXth century and twenty years before the second world war. i noticed that in the second half of XIXth century the culture stopped idealizing a family and presented it as the ambivalent background. But there was conservative structure, too – duties were found more important than emotions. Families were regarded rather as economical entities: the Mincel in The doll by Bolesław Prus or the Boryna in The peasants by Władysław Reymont are examples. i  recalled Anna Karenina by Lew Tołstoj with the motto: ’Merry families are all similar; every unhappy family is unhappy in their own way’. This novel describes conservative families as patriotic, useful, but oppressive. In The magic hill Tomasz Mann characterizes the sober family as a bit milder. Michał Szołochow in his novel The silent Don accents paternalism in the Melechow family – parents don’t take care of Grzegorz’s needs. The heroes of the novel La regenta by Leopold Alas are similar: too conservative family thinks they know what is good for the protagonist who feels like an object. Ulloa manor by Emilia Bazan demitologises the family institution who makes Julian become a priest and orders Marcelina to marry a man she finds dishonest. The Portuguese writer Eco Queiros presents a bourgeoise family objectively and ironically. The novel The old people and the ephemeral things by Louis Couperus is similar. The Forsyte saga by John Galsworthy describes the ‘heroic’ aspect of the family institution and Arsieniew’s life by Iwan Bunin seems to glorify old-fashioned, Russian gentry families.
PL
W mojej pracy Stateczne gniazdo pisałam o rodzinach z XIX wieku i dwudziestolecia międzywojennego. Zauważyłam, że w II połowie XIX wieku kultura przestała idealizować rodzinę i przedstawiała ją jako środowisko ambiwalentne. Lecz jednocześnie była to także struktura konserwatywna – powinności uważano za ważniejsze od uczuć. Rodziny traktowano raczej jako jednostki produkcyjne: przykładami są Minclowie w Lalce Bolesława Prusa lub Borynowie w Chłopach Władysława Reymonta. Przywołałam Annę Kareninę Lwa Tołstoja wraz z mottem: ”Wszystkie szczęśliwe rodziny są do siebie podobne, każda nieszczęśliwa rodzina jest nieszczęśliwa na swój sposób”. Ta powieść opisuje rodziny zachowawcze jako patriotyczne, pożyteczne, ale opresyjne. w Czarodziejskiej górze Tomasz Mann charakteryzuje stateczną rodzinę jako trochę łagodniejszą. Michał Szołochow w powieści Cichy Don akcentuje paternalizm w rodzinie Melechowów – rodzice nie liczą się z potrzebami Grzegorza. Bohaterowie powieści Regentka Leopolda Alasa są podobni: zbyt konserwatywna rodzina myśli, że wie, co jest dobre dla protagonistki, która czuje się jak rzecz. Dwór w Ulloa Emilii Bazan demitologizuje instytucję rodziny, która każe Julianowi zostać księdzem, a Marcelinie poślubić człowieka, którego uważa ona za osobę nieuczciwą. Portugalski pisarz Eco Queiros przedstawia rodzinę mieszczańską w sposób rzeczowy i sarkastyczny. Powieść Ludzie starzy i sprawy przemijające Louisa Couperusa jest podobna. Saga rodu Forsyte’ów Johna Galsworthy’ego opisuje „heroiczny” aspekt instytucji rodziny, zaś Życie Arsieniewa Iwana Bunina zdaje się gloryfikować staroruskie rodziny szlacheckie.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze the figure of a child in the fiction of Kate Chopin, an American proto-feminist writer, on the example of her novel The Awakening and three short stories: “Beyond the Bayou”, “Désirée’s Baby” and “Ripe Figs”. Characters are analyzed here in terms of James Phelan’s mimetic, thematic and synthetic components as well as character’s dimensions and functions. It is argued that children in Chopin’s fiction contribute to the development of the narrative by transforming the dimensions of adult characters into their functions. Chopin portrays two types of children common in the literature of the period: the economically useful child (a little laborer) and the economically useless but emotionally priceless child (a mascot). A third type of child emerges especially in Chopin’s short stories: the child that is extremely useful in psychological and moral terms. This figure adds moral depth to the narratives, prompts the adult characters to evolve and serves as a source of in-text instabilities or as a medium of transferring the narrative tensions. The child’s psychological and moral value on the level of the plot translates into their narrative significance on the level of story construction.
PL
Artykuł omawia znaczenie postaci dziecka w twórczości amerykańskiej pisarki protofeministycznej Kate Chopin na przykładzie powieści Przebudzenie (The Awakening) oraz trzech opowiadań: Beyond the Bayou, Désirée’s Baby i Ripe Figs. Podstawą analizy postaci jest podejście Jamesa Phelana, opisujące mimetyczne, tematyczne i syntetyczne elementy postaci literackich i wprowadzające pojęcia ich aspektów oraz funkcji. Dzieci w twórczości Chopin przyczyniają się do rozwoju narracji poprzez przekształcanie aspektów postaci dorosłych w ich funkcje. Chopin konstruuje dwa typy postaci dziecięcych powszechne w literaturze jej epoki: dziecko przydatne ekonomicznie (małego robotnika) oraz dziecko nieprzydatne gospodarczo, ale bezcenne pod względem emocjonalnym (maskotkę). Ponadto szczególnie w opowiadaniach pisarki pojawia się trzeci rodzaj dziecka: bohater o wielkim znaczeniu psychologicznym i moralnym. Ta postać nadaje opowieści moralną głębię, motywuje rozwój i przemianę postaci dorosłych, a także stanowi źródło wewnątrztekstowych niestabilności lub pełni funkcję środka przekazu napięć narracyjnych. Psychologiczna i moralna wartość postaci dziecięcych na poziomie fabularnym przekłada się na ich znaczenie na poziomie konstrukcji opowiadań.
EN
This article discusses the role of the dictionary user in meta/lexicographical research. The user, usability and utility are key concepts of modern lexicography that aim to create dictionaries as an informative and user-friendly digital environment. However, Czech lexicography has been limited by the tradition of printed dictionaries so far and the user-related issues have not been thoroughly investigated. We propose some of more ways to “let dictionary users into the dictionary” and to make for them available more advanced and highly specialized methods of searching and language data sorting.
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