The article discusses a broadly understood relation between the translation of a poetic text and versification. Assuming that reading a poem (as well as its translation) is always an interpretation that heavily depends on the reader’s activity, his choices and intentions, and assuming that the prosodic shape is an important sensemaking factor, the author of the article tries to show how the title “unfaithfulness of a phrase” – translator’s incorrect reading of the source text’s prosody (in Bloom’s understanding) – might influence the shape of the reader’s perception of the text and thus become an important factor of the poetic semantics. Assuming the asymmetric paradigm of the theory of a poem, the author does not focus on the metrical size nor the poetic rhyme (as it is frequently done in older papers) but on those aspects of a poem (like enjambment or the graphical shape of the text) that used to be marginalized, and which – if viewed from the perspective of the reader – are easier to notice than intertextual qualities of the meter that require familiarity with versification rules.
Meter as a simulacrum This text presents an attempt to conceptualize the poetics of versification in Kamil Brewiński’s poetic book Clubbing (Kraków 2013), with the background of the critical reception of the book, by the view given by the theory of simulation by Jean Baudrillard. The article is based on two unpublished conference speeches presented at conference on “Twenty First Century in Literature”, 2014) and “Poetry – Culture – Poetry. Contemporary Perspectives”, 2015). Some excerpts were used before in my doctoral dissertation (2015).
Polish and Ukrainian Poems of Lazar Baranovich in Metrical Aspect The purpose of the article is to provide a versificational analysis of poems written by Lazar Baranovich, the 17th cent. Ukrainian-Polish writer and church figure. The poems are investigated mainly in metrical aspect (partially also in stanzaic and rhyming aspects). The article shows which formal means were used frequently and which rarely. There is also an attempt to explain the motives of author’s application of a certain meter. ”Apollo’s Lute”, Baranovich’s poetry collection in Polish (1671), served to be the main textual source for the analysis.
This article touches upon the tabular nature of free verse; here it indicates the individuality of verses in the text structure resulting from its non-linear character (spatiality) as a result of free verse. In other words, any text written in free verse is potentially a structure of coincidental syntax e.g. as a result of maximised equivalence each single verse is semantically independent and primarily independent with respect to syntax from the other verses. This article relies on the assumption that reception of a text written in free verse is non-linear and therefore tabular. This assumption is based on a conviction that the tabular nature is not a revelation of the new media or the change in perceiving texts propagated in the new media. Rather, it is a phenomenon typical of poetry; it started to accompany poetry when the notion of free verse was introduced. The text is illustrated with examples of poems by contemporary Polish authors.
Gaius Vettius Aquilinus Iuvencus is the author of the first biblical epic which is known as Evangeliorum libri quattuor. It retells the Gospel story in classical hexameter in order to adapt its form to the literary aesthetics of the 4th century pagan society. Through the analysis of his poetic version of the beatitudes, this study aims to uncover and appraise the basic principles of his periphrastic technique, whether they apply to the form or content of the Matthean original. It shows that the author constantly tries to vary its syntax with the intention to disturb its monotonous regularity. He also promotes the value of heavenly rewards promised to Christians, providing them with sympathetic epithets and embellishes the original with stylistic figures such as alliteration or contrast. As for the content, the most significant change is the occasional insertion of author’s comments, the purpose of which is to provide the Matthean text with additional theological information that he might find missing. The study concludes with our free translation of this passage into iambic heptameter or fourteener.
The paper is dedicated to the text Lili Lalauna – most extraordinary and most enigmatic poem of Ivo Andrić. The analysis consists of two parts. The first discusses the phonetic-phonological, stylistic, versificational and semantic structure of the verses. The second part deals with their setting to music by composer Rada Radivojeviæ and interpretation of actress Vjera Mujoviæ and actors Goran Sultanoviæ and Aleksandar Sreèkoviæ Kubura.
The aim of the article is to analyze the poetics of Mykola Markevych’s main book of lyric poems (“Ukrainskiia melodii”, 1831). It belongs to a particular neo-genre called melody, which formed its own tradition. Its beginnings are connected with the followers of Thomas Moore and George Byron, while its climax in the Russian poetry came with Afanasy Fet’s “Melodies”. Within this genre Markevych formed an interesting folk-ballad type of “melody”, using special versifying methods; he made his texts both rhythmical and expressive and gave his book a complex unified composition.
This essay is concerned with the generative description of the metric norm of Czech syllabotonic verse explicated in Miroslav Červenka´s Kapitoly o českém verši (Chapters on Czech verse, 2006). On the basis of linguistic predeterminants of the occurrences of certain rhythmic configurations, the author takes issue with some conceptual points of the generative description, and endeavours to simplify the model for a computer analysis of verse lines.
The article discusses poetics’ significant place and role in the university literary didactics – it is a subject which introduces students into rudiments of literary theory and prepares them to practice the art of interpretation. The author focuses on the role of versification in philological education and underlines its structuralist tradition and tendency towards semantization and antropologization versificational devices. Researching verse enables desirable closeness of literature and theory which results in functionalizing versificational choices in concrete, historically and socially definite context – in this aspect versification becomes an object of modern humanistic thought. The author proclaims the necessity of enhancing the status of this problematics in academic training as well as its diversification through discussing versology also within historic-literary curricula.
PL
Artykuł omawia miejsce i zadania poetyki w uniwersyteckim kształceniu polonistycznym, która wprowadza studentów w podstawy teorii literatury oraz przygotowuje do praktykowania sztuki interpretacji. Szczególną uwagę autorka poświęca roli wersyfikacji w edukacji filologicznej, podkreślając jej strukturalistyczne tradycje oraz dążenie do semantyzacji i antropologizacji wersologicznych chwytów. Dzięki badaniom form wierszowych możliwe jest pożądane zbliżenie teorii do literatury, które pociąga za sobą sfunkcjonalizowanie wyborów wersyfikacyjnych w konkretnym, historycznie i społecznie określonym kontekście, tym samym włączając wersologię w przestrzeń współczesnej refleksji humanistycznej. Konieczne jest także dowartościowanie tej problematyki w kształceniu akademickim i jej dywersyfikacja poprzez przywoływanie również na przedmiotach historycznoliterackich.
W artykule przedstawiono z perspektywy strukturalistyczno-semantycznej terminy, schematy interpretacyjne, funkcjonalność teorii poezji w dydaktyce filologicznej. Poezja, postrzegana w kontekście kreatywności i użyteczności, interpretowana z uwzględnieniem relacji do autora, odbiorcy, kodu światopoglądowego, stanowi istotny faktor świata znaków oraz przekazu medialnego.
EN
The paper presents terms, interpretation schemes, and functionality of the theory of poetry in philological didactics from a structuralist and semantic perspective. Poetry, perceived in the context of creativity and usefulness, interpreted taking into account the relationships to the author, reader, and worldview code, is an important factor in the world of signs and media messages.
The paper discusses two twentieth-century theoretical-literary concepts regarding broadly understood versology, pioneering expressions of new way of thinking of versification based on enjambment (i.e., the continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza) rather than on meter. By investigating the role of enjambment according to Giorgio Agamben and Adam Kulawik, the paper refers to transformations that have taken place in perceiving this prosodic phenomenon over the past decades, i.e., how verse has changed by transitioning to non-numerical (so-called free) composition from meter and equivalence.
PL
Tekst omawia dwie dwudziestowieczne koncepcje teoretycznoliterackie z zakresu szeroko rozumianej wersologii będące pionierskim wyrazem formowania się nowego sposobu myślenia o wersyfikacji opartego nie na studiowaniu metryki, lecz na uznaniu istotnej roli, jaką we współczesnych tekstach poetyckich pełni niezgodność członowania składniowego i wierszowego określana mianem przerzutni. Przyglądając się roli przerzutni w koncepcjach Giorgia Agambena i Adama Kulawika, odnosi się zarazem do przemian, jakie zaszły w myśleniu o tym zjawisku prozodycznym na przestrzeni ostatnich dziesięcioleci, czyli do tego, jak zmienił się wiersz, odchodząc od prymatu metru i ekwiwalencji na rzecz kompozycji nienumerycznej (tzw. wolnej).
The paper discusses versification features of the texts that make up the fifth volume of Sochineniya Derzhavina [The Works of Derzhavin], the last book compiled by the poet during his lifetime. These 57 poems have rarely been an object of scholarly attention and have not previously been analysed in terms of versification as a corpus. The author of the article has compiled a metric-stanzaic directory for this volume. An analysis of the material indexed this way shows that most of the poems are written in one kind of stanza. Only “Tseleniye Saula” [The Cure of Saul], a compositional centre of the collection, is written in various types of stanzas. Another work pivotal for the book, “Gimn liro-epichesky” [The Lyric-epic hymn], is written in complex Pindaric triads. Among other stanzas, the poet shows a predilection for the 8- and 6-line strophes; many poems are also written in the odic stanza (and all the odic stanzas are cast in the 4-foot iambics, traditional for them) or use variations thereof. The quatrain, one of the most popular stanzas in Russian poetry, does not occur very often in the book. Moreover, none of the quatrains is written in a 4-foot iamb - unlike the stanzas with 8 lines, more than 70% of which employ this metre. It is interesting that Derzhavin does not give preference to the rhythmic scheme of the 4-foot iamb, which is considered characteristic of his earlier poetry (with the first and fourth feet strong, second and third feet weak). The poet often employs more stresses than required by a given metre, and they can have different functions. For example, in the poem “Problesk” [A Glimpse] it is connected with the plot of the poem: the lines which speak of the difficulty of walking a path contain a high number of such “excess” stresses, through which the reader must “wade”. In some cases, a variable reading is possible (and, accordingly, the decision on the presence or absence of an extra stress) – where neither of two points of view contradicts the text, the reading depends on the arrangement of logical stresses. Transaccentuation, on the other hand, is not very common in Derzavin’s fifth volume. There are several instances of poems written in metres that must have seemed to Derzhavin similar to the ones used in the Antiquity. The most interesting of these is “Poligimnii” [To Polyhymnia], the poem that closes the collection. It is dedicated to the theme of the poet and poetry and as if serves demonstrating Derzhavin’s own skills. He seems to be stylising the meter to resemble “antique” ones (although the result is unlike any of the meters traditionally employed in Russian poetry with a view to imitating antique metrics). The choice of the stanzas is also unusual – they consist of 7 lines, with the first four lines in each rhymed (and the type of line endings varies throughout the poem), while the latter three are left unrhymed. The distribution of stresses in the line endings of the blank verses used in the last stanza occurs only once in the poem. This stanza, which is the semantic core of the poem and which closes the collection with the final line “I will be immortal, I will!”, was apparently written with intentional sophistication. In general, the analysis of the metric-stanzaic repertoire of the late Derzhavin makes it possible to see the poet as a real old master who pays attention to versification issues, avoids monotony, looks for new metrical patterns, and composes his collection skilfully – also from the point of view of versification features of the texts.
RU
В статье рассматриваются версификационные особенности текстов, составляющих пя- тый том Сочинений Державина, последней книги, составленной поэтом при жизни. 57 сти- хотворений редко становились объектом внимания исследователей и ранее не были проана- лизированы с точки зрения версификации как корпус. Анализ составленного автором статьи метрико-строфического справочника этого тома показывает, что большинство стихотворений написано каким-либо одним видом стро- фы. Разнотипными строфами написано только Целение Саула, один из композиционных центров сборника. Другое произведение, также являющееся одним из самых важных в кни- ге, Гимн лиро-эпический…, написано сложными пиндарическими триадами. Среди других строф поэт любит 8-стишия и 6-стишия, многие стихотворения также написаны одической строфой (причем все одические строфы написаны традиционным для них Я4) или вариаци- ями на ее тему. Катрен же, одна из самых популярных строф в русской поэзии, встречается в книге не очень часто, причем ни один из них не написан Я4 – в отличие от 8-стиший, более 70 % которых написано именно им. Интересно, что Державин не отдает предпочтение той ритмической схеме Я4, которая считается традиционной для его более ранней лирики (удар- ные 1-я и 4-я стопы, между ними – пиррихии). Поэт часто использует сверхсхемные ударения, причем они могут играть разную роль. К примеру, в стихотворении Проблеск это связано с сюжетом стихотворения: стихи, в кото- рых речь идет о трудности прохождения пути, содержат массу сверхсхемных ударений, че- рез которые должен «пробираться» читатель. В некоторых случаях возможна вариативность прочтения (и, соответственно, решение о наличии / отсутствии сверхсхемного ударения), поскольку обе точки зрения не противоречат тексту, прочтение зависит от расстановки ло- гических ударений. Переакцентуация же не очень часто встречается в 5-м томе. Несколько раз Державин пишет стихотворения размерами, которые кажутся ему похо- жими на античные. Наиболее интересным из них является Полигимнии – стихотворение, ко- торое завершает сборник. Оно посвящено теме поэта и поэзии и демонстрирует мастерство самого Державина. Он как будто стилизует размер под «античный» (при этом то, что у него получилось, не похоже ни на один из тех размеров, с помощью которых в русской поэзии принято стилизовать античные размеры). Необычен и выбор строф – это 7-стишия, первые четыре стиха в каждом 7-стишии зарифмованы (причём рисунок клаузул на протяжении стихотворения меняется), следующие три – нет. Схема холостых стихов, использованная в последней строфе, встречается в этом стихотворении только один раз. Эта строфа, являю- щаяся смысловым центром стихотворения и ставящая точку в сборнике финальным стихом «Буду я, буду бессмертен!», по-видимому, специально написана изощренно. В целом можно сказать, что анализ метрико-строфического репертуара позднего Дер- жавина позволяет увидеть поэта как настоящего старого мастера, который помнит о вер- сификационных вопросах, не становится однообразным, ищет новые размеры, умело вы- страивает композицию своего сборника – в том числе с точки зрения версификационных особенностей текстов.
The article is devoted to the study of poetry of Ilya Argentum, a Russian-speaking author of the Pavlodar region in Kazakhstan. The article presents an attempt to identify traits that characterise the creative output of this contemporary author. In the analysis, special attention is paid to how the worldview provides foundations for Argentum’s writing. When addressing issues such as the meaning of life, the true and false values, death and immortality, love, the role of the poet in modern life, the role his hometown has played in his own destiny, the young poet undoubtedly proves his individuality, both artistically and in terms of worldview. The poet’s significant creative potential and his original manner of writing help legitimizing the claim about the strengthening of the position of the local literature of the Pavlodar region in the contemporary literary process.
RU
Статья посвящена творчеству Ильи Аргентума (псевдоним Ильи Приходченко), одно- го из наиболее интересных представителей нового поколения русской поэзии – с ее идейно- художественными особенностями и формами творческой презентации. Дана попытка выя- вить мировоззренческую и художественную специфику творчества современного автора, который представляет русскую поэзию Казахстана. Дается краткая биография, в том чис- ле творческая, молодого поэта, указаны его поэтические достижения. Выявлены характер- ные особенности творчества, при этом акцент сделан на ее мировоззренческих основах. Задаваясь философскими вопросами, размышляя о назначении поэта и поэзии, о родном городе, лирический герой обнаруживает метафизические противоречия, отражающие не- завершенность его мировоззренческой системы. Эта незавершенность проявляется в пре- дельной субъективности, фрагментарности бытия, эгоцентризме, экзистенциальной игре. В статье рассматривается также поэтика стихов Аргентума: обращение к жанру сонета, использование латинских слов и изречений, особенности стихосложения, система тропов и фигур. Авторы статьи делают вывод о том, что Илья Аргентум – один из ярких предста- вителей новой поэтической генерации. Он демонстрирует богатство и сложность картины мира, ее художественной реализации, основанной на принципе творческой свободы и тра- дициях русской и мировой литературы. Есть основания полагать, что молодой поэт сумеет достичь художественной и духовной зрелости.
Caelius Sedulius, qui saeculo quinto post Christum natum vitam degebat, et metris et arte versificandi poetas antiquos, praecipue vero Publium Vergilium Maronem in opere suo Carmen paschale quod inscribitur imitabatur.
The paper presents the conceptualization of the functional changes that have shaped the development of the verse-form phenomenon and, as well, the poetic enjambment inseparably related to it. By dividing the forms of poetic discontinuity into kinetic and semantic enjambments, it shows the transition from earlier, more archaic forms of incompatibility of the syntactic and verse orders, related to the verse synaphy (over-verse continuity), to subsequent forms of poetic overflow with inherent, independent sign properties and artistic motivation founded on the semantization of the poetic movement called semantic enjambment.
PL
Praca przedstawia konceptualizację zmian funkcjonalnych, jakie kształtowały się w rozwoju zjawiska formy wierszowej oraz nieodłącznie z nią związanej wierszowej przerzutni. Poprzez podział na przerzutnie kinetyczne i semantyczne pokazuje przechodzenie od form bardziej archaicznych, związanych z wierszową synafią w postaci niezgodności porządku składniowego i wierszowego, do form późniejszych, posiadających samodzielne właściwości znakowe i motywację artystyczną wynikającą z semantyzacji ruchu.
The article presents and interpretation of a Stanisław Barańczak’s poem Łono przyrody [The Bosom of Nature], seldom discussed by specialists. This seemingly simple poem from the volume Ja wiem, że to niesłuszne [I Know It’s Not Right] (1977) elaborates on the common idiomatic phrase ‘the bosom of nature’ and proves to be a masterful and intricate artistic declaration of existential and political disobedience. The “I” of Barańczak’s poem is something of a lapsus of Nature and History, standing in opposition to the mindless existence and enslavement of the communist state. In this sense he is very similar to the subject of Wisława Szymborska’s verse. Her poetic oeuvre, translated and discussed on numerous occasions by Barańczak himself, is indeed an important interpretive context here. The article points to the relationships between specific texts by both poets and depicts similarities and differences between their poetic outlooks.
The main subject of this text is a description of the Polish and German theory of verse in comparison to the Czech research tradition. It deals in detail with the Polish concept of versification and presents possible reasons for the similarities and differences between Czech and Polish literary theory and practice in this field. The paper also considers other differences that have yet to be systematically investigated, as framed by the comparison of Czech and German theories of verse. A fundamental difference can be found in the use of the category of versification, and in a terminology strongly influenced by the tradition of accentual verse in the German tradition. The text also describes the evolution of versification in German literature from accentual to syllabotonic (accentual-syllabic), in contrast to Czech literature, which evolved from syllabic to syllabotonic versification.
The article discusses autothematic description as a technique of metapoetic reflection. On the one hand, it is analyzed in the context of the structuralist theory of description and on the other hand, in the context of poetry by women, where meta-reflection is an important but underresearched phenomenon. Many poets use autothematic writing not because they want to problematize the poetic medium, which is to create Barthes’s “reality effect,” but because they want to construct their individual epistemological projects and inform the speaking “I.” I analyze poems by Wisława Szymborska, Julia Hartwig, Bogumiła Latawiec and Halina Poświatowska and interpret a poem by Joanna Pollakówna anew.
PL
W artykule wyodrębniony zostaje opis autotematyczny jako technika metapoetyckiej refleksji, z jednej strony odniesiona do strukturalistycznej teorii opisu, z drugiej – do praktyki poetyckiej kobiet, w której metarefleksja jest ważnym, ale niedostatecznie omówionym zjawiskiem. Stosowane przez poetki zabiegi autotematyczne nakierowane są często nie tyle na problematyzowanie poetyckiego medium, mającego wywołać Barthes’owski „efekt rzeczywistości”, ile na samopoznanie podmiotu i konstruowanie indywidualnych projektów epistemologicznych. Przykładowo przywołana zostaje poezja Wisławy Szymborskiej, Julii Hartwig, Bogumiły Latawiec i Haliny Poświatowskiej, a osobną interpretację zyskuje wiersz Joanny Pollakówny.
The article is dedicated to the early works of Anatol Sys (1959–2005) – one of the founders of the literary community “Тутэйшыя” [“Natives”], a great Belarusian poet with a tragic fate. Even during his lifetime, and especially after the death of Anatol Sys, many myths and legends about his extraordinary personality and work began to appear. One of these such myths is the idea that there are no early, student poems in his works, which would testify to the poet’s later work on mastering literary skills and artistic comprehension of reality. The author of the article analyses poems from the poet’s manuscript archive found in 2011 by Ales Bialiatski and Eduard Akulin and comes to the conclusion that most of Anatol Sys’ student poems written from 1978 to 1982 are artistically imperfect student texts with clear signs of imitation of Maksim Bagdanovich. Only a few poems, such as Я ўваходжу ў каляю... [I’m Getting in the Rut...], Застолле [Feast], У сасновым лесе [In the Pine Forest], and Усявышняму [To the Almighty] can be considered as indications of future wonderful works from the collections of poems Агмень [Hearth] (1987), Пан Лес [Mr. Forest] (1988) and the unpublished collection Ягамосць [Gentleman] (early 1990s). The paper demonstrates the evolution of Sys’ work from keeping in line with the principles of poetics and traditional versification, to the presence of the tragedy of Belarusian history and modernity – from copying poetic samples and templates to existential experience of reality and its reflection through original artistic images.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest wczesnej twórczości Anatola Sysa (1959–2005) – jednego z założycieli grupy literackiej „Tutejsi”, wybitnego poety o tragicznym losie. Niezwykła osobowość i twórczość Anatola Sysa już za życia poety zaczęły obrastać licznymi mitami i legendami, które przybrałyna sile po jego śmierci. Jednym z mitów jest przekonanie o braku w twórczości Sysa wczesnych, uczniowskich wierszy, które świadczyłyby o pracy poety nad opanowaniem warsztatu literackiego i artystycznym odzwierciedlaniem rzeczywistości. Autor artykułu analizuje wiersze z rękopiśmiennego archiwum poety, odnalezionego w 2011 roku przez Alesia Bialackiego i Eduarda Akulina, i dochodzi do wniosku, że większość studenckich wierszy Anatola Sysa napisanych w latach 1978–1982 to teksty artystycznie niedoskonałe, z wyraźnym naśladownictwem twórczości Maksima Bahdanowicza. Jedynie w nielicznych wierszach, takich jak: Я ўваходжу ў каляю... [Wchodzę w koleinę…], Застолле [Uczta], У сасновым лесе [W sosnowym lesie], Усявышняму [Wszechmogącemu], można dostrzec zapowiedź znakomitych utworów ze zbiorów Агмень [Ognisko] (1987), Пан Лес [Pan Las] (1988) і nieopublikowanego tomu Ягамосць [Jegomość] (początek lat 90. ХХ wieku). Artykuł pokazuje ewolucję twórczości Anatola Sysa od uczniowskiego podporządkowania się zasadom poetyki i tradycyjnej wersyfikacji, do uobecnienia tragizmu białoruskiej historii i współczesności, od kopiowania poetyckich wzorców i szablonów,do egzystencjalnego doświadczenia rzeczywistości i ukazania jej przy pomocy charakterystycznych obrazów artystycznych i asocjacji poetyckich.
RU
Артыкул прысвечаны ранняй творчасці Анатоля Сыса (1959-2005) – аднаго з заснавальнікаў літаратурнай суполкі „Тутэйшыя”, выдатнага паэта з трагічным лёсам. Яшчэ пры жыцці, а асабліва пасля смерці Анатоля Сыса ягоная неардынарная асоба і творчасць пачалі абрастаць шматлікімі міфамі і легендамі. Адзін з такіх міфаў – уяўленне пра адсутнасць у ягонай творчаcці ранніх, вучнёўскіх вершаў, якія б сведчылі пра настойлівую працу паэта па авалоданню літаратурным майстэрствам і філасофскае спазнанне рэчаіснасці.Аўтар артыкула аналізуе вершы са знойдзенага ў 2011 г. Алесем Бяляцкім і Эдуардам Акуліным рукапіснага архіву паэта і прыходзіць да высновы, што большасць студэнцкіх вершаў Анатоля Сыса, напісаных у 1978-1982 гг., з’яўляюцца недасканалымі ў мастацкіх адносінах вучнёўскімі тэкстамі з выразнымі прыкметамі наследавання Максіму Багдановічу. Толькі ў асобных вершах, такіх як ...Я ўваходжу ў каляю..., Застолле, У сасновым лесе, Усявышняму можна разгледзіць прадвесце будучых выдатных твораў са зборнікаў Агмень (1987), Пан Лес (1988) і неапублікаванага зборніка Ягамосць (пачатак 90-х гг. ХХ ст.).
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