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Propaganda wizualna Powszechnej Wystawy Krajowej

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EN
The premise of the 1929 exhibition was to represent all aspects of the Second Polish republic’s development on the tenth anniversary of regaining its independence. The paper discusses the form of posters, postcards and history of PWK logo abbreviating the exhibition’s Polish name Polska Wystawa Krajowa, translating literally: All-Poland National Exhibition, but apparently translated for purposes relating to official state-propaganda as the Polish National Exhibition.
EN
The author presented a vision of Czechoslovakia created by Polish caricatures. The main source was caricatures which were published in Polish satirical magazines „Szpilki” and „Mucha” from 1945 to 1948. The author used quantitative analysis which allowed plots portrayed within the caricatures to be caught. The paper is composed of three parts which contain analysis of the particular caricatures. The first one showed analysis of caricatures which created Czechoslovakia as an enemy of Poland. That vision was connected with border conflicts between the neighbouring countries. The second third parts contain caricatures which presented Czechoslovakia as a friend of Poland. The way Czechoslovakia was presented resulted from the fact that both Poland and Czechoslovakia were members of the socialist bloc countries. The way Czechoslo-vakia was presented changed simultaneously with the changes in the relationships between the neighbouring countries. It was also dependent on the wider context – dependence of both countries on the USSR.
EN
The paper presented a vision of the plan to form a European Defence Community created by Polish caricatures and recounted over political considerations which affected the way the EDC was presented. The main source was caricatures which were published in Polish satirical magazine „Szpilki” from 1950 to 1954 – from when Pleven’s plan was announced to its rejection by France. The author used quantitative analysis which allowed the demonstration of the artists’ range of interests in EDC and to catch plots. The paper is composed of three parts which contain content analysis of the particular caricatures. It allowed for the discovery that the pictures showed the main Polish exter-nal enemies: the USA and West Germany. EDC was presented as their common plan to bring the Wehrmacht back to life. The way EDC was drawn resulted from the fact that Poland was a member of the socialist block.
PL
The early relations between Japan and Europe have been established in the period of civil war and turmoil. One of the most interesting events of that time was an envoy organized by Date Masamune and headed by Hasekura Tsunenaga which set to Mexico (1613) and later on Europe (1615). Although the political and economic goals have not been achieved, on the level of cultural relations this visit was a real breakthrough. The various artworks created and exchanged between the Old Continent and Asia have served as important means of visual propaganda. Thanks to them Hasekura has become a “face” of Japan in Europe, spreading new customs and fashions. His baptism can be also understood as a sing of political ambitions, empowering the Catholic missionaries in Eastern Asia. Though in the following decades Hasekura and his mission have been covered up by the isolationist policy of the shogunate, his achievements have been rediscovered and are nowadays commemorated in a number of ways worldwide.
EN
The purpose of this article is to characterize the evolution of research on the phenomenon of propaganda, with particular emphasis on the achievements of Polish science in the period from 1918 to the present. Research method: A review of selected literature on the subject. Results and conclusions: Referring to specific historical stages (the interwar period and World War II, the years 1945–1989 and the period after 1989) and the political conditions associated with them, the main themes and subject of research relevant to these periods were characterized. Research on: mechanisms of propaganda, use of visual tools and forms, specific institutions or projects (case studies) was identified. Cognitive value: Possible directions for further research in this area were indicated. It was also confirmed that the study of propaganda falls within the mainstream of social communication and media sciences, drawing also on the achievements of political science and history.
PL
Celem artykułu jest scharakteryzowanie ewolucji badań nad zjawiskiem propagandy, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem dorobku nauki polskiej po 1918 r. Metoda badawcza: przegląd wybranej literatury przedmiotu. Wyniki i wnioski: odnosząc się do wyodrębnionych etapów historycznych (dwudziestolecie międzywojenne i II wojna światowa, lata 1945–1989 oraz okres po roku 1989) i związanych z nimi uwarunkowań politycznych, scharakteryzowano główne wątki i przedmiot badań, właściwe dla wskazanych okresów. Wyróżniono badania nad: mechanizmami propagandy, wykorzystaniem narzędzi i form wizualnych, konkretnymi instytucjami lub projektami (case studies). Wartość poznawcza: wskazano możliwe kierunki dalszych badań w tym obszarze. Potwierdzono, że badania nad propagandą mieszczą się w głównym nurcie nauk o komunikacji społecznej i mediach, czerpiąc także z dorobku politologii i historii.
EN
The research into depicting landscape in the Enlightenment has developed dynamically as of the1970s. The major focus is, however, on revolutionary in their impact open-air studies executed inItaly by artists arriving from behind the Alps in the late 18th century and around 1800. Less attention is paid to the views of the Alps and the visual documentation of exploration trips. Interestingly, the least known and understood is the phenomenon of exploring one’s own country, the native land. The paper points to the examples of this tendency from e.g., France, Scandinavia, and Poland, nonetheless focusing on German-speaking countries. Definite examples of rendering native elements serve for the reflection on the concept of ‘political landscape’. Questions are posed on the essential motivations for the earliest visual depictions of a country or of a state: some initiatives came directly from rulers, in the majority of the cases, however, the motivation was a combination of various inspirations: political, literary, artistic, and mercantile. A factor, easily discernible, present in the majority of the analysed phenomena from the 18th century, is the attempt to imitate Dutch models from the 17th century.
PL
Badania nad obrazowaniem krajobrazu w wieku oświecenia rozwinęły się dynamicznie od lat 70. XX w. Główną uwagę poświęca się jednak uznanym za przełomowe dla malarstwa nowoczesnego studiom plenerowym wykonywanym we Włoszech przez przybyszów zza Alp pod koniec XVIII w. i ok. 1800, w dalszej kolejności obrazowaniu Alp i dokumentacjom podróży odkrywczych. Znacznie słabiej natomiast znamy i rozumiemy fenomen odkrywania własnego kraju, ziemi rodzimej. Autor przywołuje przykłady tej tendencji m.in. z Francji, Skandynawii i Polski, skupiając jednak swą uwagę na krajach niemieckojęzycznych. Konkretne przykłady obrazowania rodzimości służą refleksji nad pojęciem „pejzażu politycznego”. Postawione zostają pytania o istotne motywacje najwcześniejszych odwzorowań wizualnych kraju bądź państwa: niektóre inicjatywy wychodziły wprost od władców, w większości wypadków jednak przyczyniał się do nich splot różnych inspiracji – politycznych, literackich, artystycznych oraz merkantylnych. Łatwo rozpoznawalnym czynnikiem, obecnym w większości analizowanych zjawisk z wieku XVIII, jest naśladowanie wzorów holenderskich z XVII w.
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