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EN
The article analyses the vodka names containing numbers written in words or digits. The numerical names have long been used by naming specialists as a successful marketing trick. Combining words or letters with digits results in creating interesting names that not only arouse curiosity but also are easily remembered or written down. This is particularly important nowadays, when we are given the fast growing number of chrematonyms. The names with number components are also a source of information about the product, describing its characteristics or even some technological details in a more interesting way than it is done in traditional names. What is more, thanks to such names, invoking cultural, historical or geographical aspects, the product can be associated with a particular region, thus influencing the consumer’s decision. The article also examines the names with the measure components.
EN
The article is about vodka that is studied from a philological perspective (cultural, literary, linguistic). The methodology used in the text is a combination of the microhistory and the object-turn. Authors present important issues connected to the culture of producing and consuming this alcoholic beverage (in the past and nowadays) and the forms of its presence in polish literature (i.e. in memoirs, poetry, novels). Significant part of the article is the linguistic research: from the names of specific kinds of vodka and colloquial variants of lexeme vodka to characteristic for the latest Polish language numerous proper names.
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EN
The article briefly presents the development of alcohol production in the history of mankind and in Poland. It presents historical conditions and the current shape of the alcohol market and changes it has undergone. It shows the tax revenue from excise tax. The method of alcohol taxation was presented. The final part of the paper presents and evaluates the legislative actions and presents de lege ferenda postulates.
PL
Artykuł pokrótce przedstawia rozwój produkcji alkoholu w dziejach ludzkości i w Polsce. Przedstawia uwarunkowania historyczne i aktualny kształt rynku alkoholi oraz zmiany, jakie zaszły. Pokazuje przychody podatkowe z podatku akcyzowego. Przedstawiono metodę opodatkowania alkoholu. W końcowej części artykułu przedstawiono i oceniono działania legislacyjne oraz przedstawiono postulaty de lege ferenda.
EN
The article deals with changes in the patterns of consumption of alcoholic beverages by Poles (beer, wine, spirits) over the course of history and the ways the Polish state conducts the alcohol policy. The analysis showed that several stages in this history could be distinguished, which were named as follows: 1) Beer and wine dominated until the 15th century; 2) The appearance of vodka in the 16th century and an increase in its consumption; 3) Potato vodka has been degrading the nation since the 19th century; 4) The state monopoly in the 20th century increases consumption; 5) New alcohol policy from 1982 – towards the sobriety of the nation; 6) Counterproductive activities in the 21st century; 7) The present – Poles drink harmfully, and the public policy of the Republic of Poland towards alcohol brings negative results. The article presents these stages and formulates recommendations for the alcohol policy of the Republic of Poland because of its diagnosed ineffectiveness from 2001 to 2019. As an important area for current socio-economic policy in alcohol, it was indicated, among other things, the e-commerce of alcoholic beverages.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problematykę przemian wzorów spożywania przez Polaków napojów alkoholowych (piwo, wino, napoje spirytusowe) na przestrzeni dziejów oraz wzorów prowadzonej przez państwo polskie polityki alkoholowej. Przeprowadzona przez autorów analiza wykazała, że można wyodrębnić etapy w tych dziejach, które zostały nazwane w następujący sposób: 1) Piwo i wino dominują do XV w.; 2) Pojawienie się wódki w XVI w. i wzrost jej konsumpcji; 3) Wódka z ziemniaków degraduje naród od XIX w.; 4) Monopol państwowy w XX w. zwiększa spożycie; 5) Nowa polityka alkoholowa od 1982 r. – ku trzeźwości narodu; 6) Działania kontr produktywne w XXI w.; 7) Współczesność – Polacy piją szkodliwie, a polityka publiczna RP wobec alkoholu przynosi negatywne wyniki. W artykule przedstawiono te etapy, a także sformułowano rekomendacje dla polityki alkoholowej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej wobec zdiagnozowanej jej nieskuteczności od 2001 do 2019 roku. Jako istotny obszar dla współczesnej polityki społeczno-gospodarczej w obszarze alkoholu wskazano m.in. e-commerce napojów alkoholowych.
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