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EN
One of the forms of rehabilitation is social work. Activities for the benefit of other people not only allows for the formation of pro-social attitudes, but also enhances one’s sense of worth and gives meaning to one’s life. Of particular importance in the context of crystallization of civil society is voluntary work. Although widely applied in Poland for many years now, voluntary work has gained its contemporary meaning after 1989 and since then has been implemented mostly, but not exclusively, in the third sector. These days, the major Polish cities form Regional Volunteer Centers that encourage activities for other people on many levels. Voluntary work is regulated by law and moral standards, which define the range and forms of this type of activity.
EN
The volunteering of seniors is quite a new idea in Poland and raises a lot of controversies even among seniors themselves. Volunteering is more popular among young people. The young generation which is considered to be active on the vocational, educational and family fields has one more social task - volunteering. The elderly people – retired, who have more free time to do different things, also want to be active citizens but are identified with passive role in the community. The aim of the article is to present a fragment of social world. The article is divided into two parts – theoretical and empirical ones. The first part presents idea of three models of learning: learning to get old, learning by being old and learning in later life, theoretical discussion about formal, non-formal and informal volunteering in the context of activity of seniors (referring to University of the Third Age as the example of non-formal volunteering of seniors). The other part presents analyse of the data collected from the seniors’ volunteers from “Foundation of Active Senior” presenting volunteering as the space of seniors’ learning.
EN
A specific problem in the work of a psychologist is caring for the voluntary participation of patients and clients in research. The first part of the article presents and scientifically analyzed the term "voluntary". The concept in opposition to voluntariness is arbitrariness. An arbitrary person is characterized by an optional attitude. Voluntariness, in turn, is an attitude of active participation in one's own life and the surrounding reality. The second part of the article deals with the issue of voluntariness in psychological research. The psychologist must obtain an informed and voluntary decision by the patient regarding his or her participation in the research. The examined person has the right to withdraw from the research at any time. People addicted to alcohol and drugs constitute a specific research group. In the third part of the article, attention was paid to voluntary research of students and children. A special place and significance is played by voluntary activity in research conducted by an academic psychologist on their own students. Voluntariness in children involves not only the cognitive but also the emotional sphere. Therefore, the psychologist must first obtain the child's parents' written consent to participate in the research.
Society Register
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2018
|
vol. 2
|
issue 1
155-170
EN
Capitalism plays a significant role in the process of commercialization of sport. The bureaucratization, professionalization, politics and policy change legitimate organizational activities (Oliver 1992). The external process of bureaucratization, which is ‘the organizational manifestation of the rationalization of social life’ (Slack & Hinings 1994: 806) transforms sport organizations. The new environment of sport organizations moves them from voluntary organization to formal organizations with professional staff. This work identifies impact of external processes such as bureaucratization, professionalization and commercialization on sport organization. The focus is on the environmental pressures which change practices (procedures) in sport organizations. The article shows the changes in the field of sport and the processes of excluding voluntary, non-profit sport organization from competitions in elite sport. The last section of the article presents an alternative point of view on volunteers in sport industry.
EN
The institution of voluntary submission to liability is extremely practical and beneficial for both parties to proceedings in cases involving tax offenses. It is a solution that allows for a quick conclusion of the case. Importantly, this kind of conclusion results from negotiations and, consequently, from an agreement between the perpetrator and the financial body of the preparatory proceedings. Consensual elements in the current model of penal policy are a unique but an already permanent feature in the catalog of tools used by fiscal penal law. From the observation and practice of applying this institution, it can be concluded that this criminal law structure brings tangible benefits for a broadly understood administration of justice. Grzegorz Skowronek’s article offers an analysis of regulations, with particular emphasis on the conciliatory nature of this procedure.
PL
Instytucja dobrowolnego poddania się odpowiedzialności jest niezwykle praktyczna i korzystna dla obu stron postępowania w sprawach o przestępstwa skarbowe i wykroczenia skarbowe. Jest to rozwiązanie, które pozwala na szybkie zakończenie sprawy, przy czym, co istotne, jest to zakończenie będące efektem negocjacji i w konsekwencji porozumienia sprawcy z finansowym organem postępowania przygotowawczego. Elementy konsensualne w obowiązującym modelu polityki karnej są czymś wyjątkowym, jednak już na trwałe wpisanym w katalog narzędzi, jakimi posługuje się prawo karne skarbowe. Z obserwacji i praktyki stosowania tej instytucji można wyprowadzić wnioski, że ta konstrukcja karnoprawna przynosi wymierne korzyści dla szeroko rozumianego wymiaru sprawiedliwości. Przedmiotowe opracowanie skupia się na analizie przepisów, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem koncyliacyjnego charakteru tego postępowania.
EN
The research results do not show an unequivocal answer to the question put forward in the paper. The idea of employee volunteering undoubtedly includes employees participating in corporate social responsibility. However, that might generate the threat of employee exploitation. The aim of the questions and doubts concerning the problem stated in the paper topic is not to diminish the importance of business volunteering but rather to show its strong and weak points and the reasons for the reluctance towards employee volunteering in Poland. The relationship between employee volunteering and corporate social responsibility (CSR) is first identified to determine the employee volunteering potential. Although they are separate institutions, volunteering is more and more often becoming a part of CSR. It turned out that motives and reasons for employees’ voluntary engagement might be diverse in nature and selfless motives merge with mercenary ones. There are also diverse benefits employees gain because of acting in such a way. The greatest opportunity for the employee seems to be the possibility of experiencing participation (along with other co‑workers) in the social responsibility of their company. There are many different factors that result in the relatively weak popularity of employee volunteering in Poland. Because of a company’s engagement in volunteering actions, “soft” pressure may be exerted on employees that aims at indicating their voluntary character. Moreover, excessive formalization or bureaucracy may destroy the spontaneity of actions. It is also difficult to reconcile the business’s commercial logic with the selflessness that constitutes the idea of volunteering. The advantages gained by a company thanks to volunteering seem to result in a temptation to abuse employees and treat them instrumentally. However, the most important reason why employees are reluctant to volunteer is the competitive character of the relationship between volunteering and family life. The great significance of family values in Poland means that, if values happen to conflict, family values take priority to other ones. In these circumstances, the increase in employee volunteering is hardly to be expected unless the tension of choosing between family life and volunteering is reduced. It is also worth mentioning that the business world should be interested in strengthening the family, as it is one of the few institutions (along with the religion, school and societies) that generate “moral reserves”, essential for the market’s existence.
PL
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PL
Kapitał społeczny w czasach ponowoczesności stał się najistotniejszym czynnikiem rozwoju. W niniejszym artykule przeprowadzono krótką analizę podejścia do kapitału społecznego oraz na podstawie wybranych mierników (takich jak zaufanie i zaangażowanie społeczne) dokonano oceny poziomu kapitału społecznego w Polsce. Druga część artykułu stanowi poszukiwanie odpowiedzi na pytanie badawcze: w jaki sposób biznes może przyczyniać się do budowania kapitału społecznego?
EN
Currently (at the time of post-modernity) social capital has become the most important factor of development. In the article an analysis of approach to social capital is presented. Evaluation of the level of social capital in Poland has been performed on the basis of selected indicators (such as trust and social engagement). In the second part of the article there is a search for answers to the research question: how business can contribute to the creation of social capital.
EN
The research problem undertaken in this study concerns, in particular, assessment of the effectiveness of solutions based on behavioural economics that will be implemented in Employee Capital Plans (ECP; in Polish: pracownicze plany kapitałowe—PPK) in the scope of achieving widespread popularity of voluntary pension savings and stimulating the desired amount of voluntary retirement savings. The research goals are realized on the basis of a meta-analysis of research conducted in the countries where behavioural incentives in stimulating voluntary retirement savings have already been applied. The conclusion is that applying behavioural solutions, such as automatic enrolment, could potentially contribute to increasing the universality of additional savings for retirement. The effectiveness of the ECP in stimulating additional savings in the desired amount, however, is limited. It was also indicated that the potential of behavioural economics in ECP has not been fully utilized. In particular, this concerns the absence of a mechanism of automatic escalation of the premium and the lack of any behavioural incentives after reaching the retirement age.
PL
Problem badawczy podjęty w opracowaniu dotyczy oceny skuteczności rozwiązań opartych na ekonomii behawioralnej, które zostały wdrożone w pracowniczych planach kapitałowych (PPK) w zakresie osiągnięcia powszechności dobrowolnego oszczędzania na cele emerytalne oraz stymulowania dobrowolnych oszczędności emerytalnych w pożądanej wysokości. Przyjęte cele badawcze zrealizowano na podstawie metaanalizy badań przeprowadzonych w krajach, w których już zastosowano behawioralne zachęty do pobudzania dobrowolnych oszczędności emerytalnych. W konkluzji stwierdzono, że zastosowanie rozwiązań behawioralnych, takich jak mechanizm automatycznego zapisu PPK, może przyczynić się do zwiększenia powszechności dodatkowego oszczędzania na emeryturę. Skuteczność PPK w zakresie stymulowania dodatkowych oszczędności w pożądanej wysokości jest jednak ograniczona. Wskazano również, że potencjał ekonomii behawioralnej w PPK nie został w pełni wykorzystany. W szczególności dotyczy to braku mechanizmu automatycznej eskalacji składki oraz braku zachęt behawioralnych po osiągnięciu wieku emerytalnego.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje zagadnienie wolności w kontekście metafizyki i epistemologii Locke’a. W pierwszej części zostały wyróżnione trzy zasadnicze znaczenia, w jakich występuje termin wolność: dobrowolność, wolność działania oraz wolność woli. Przez dobrowolność Locke rozumie zdolność do działania zgodnego z tym, czego chce podmiot. Wolność działania wyraża się w zdolności zarówno do podjęcia jak i zaniechania określonego działania. Zaś wolność woli jest to zdolność do powstrzymania się od działania i dokonania jego oceny biorąc pod uwagę bardziej odległy cel, do którego podmiot dąży. W drugiej części podjęto próbę rozstrzygnięcia dwóch problematycznych kwestii w kontekście wyróżnionych odmian wolności: czy zasadne jest uznawanie poglądów Locke’a za zgodnych ze stanowiskiem kompatybilizmu a także jaki jest związek odmian wolności z moralną odpowiedzialnością podmiotu za swoje czyny. Analiza tych zagadnień wykazała, że tylko dobrowolność może współwystępować z koniecznością, dlatego aby móc określić zgodność poglądów Locke’a z kompatybilizmem należy wskazać, którą z odmian wolności się przyjmuje. Biorąc pod uwagę drugą kwestię uznano, że moralna odpowiedzialność jest związana z wszystkimi odmianami wolności.
XX
The article presents the problem of freedom in Locke’s metaphysics and epistemology. The analysis of the source text shows, that he uses the concept of freedom in the three different meanings. The first one is voluntary that can be described as the power to do what the agent wants. Next is freedom of action which is the ability to do what the agent wants to do and also to stop doing this whenever he wants to. The last one is freedom of will that means the power to refrain from performing an action. After that the agent can think about his decision and make it more thoughtful and accurate. In order to characterize these kinds of freedom it is necessary to answer to following questions: Which kind of these three types of freedom presented by John Locke is compatible with determinism? And the second question is: what kind of freedom relates to moral responsibility? The final analysis shows that only voluntary can coexist with determinism. Therefore Locke should not be interpreted as compatibilist for all of three kinds of freedom in his theory. Answering to the second question, moral responsibility is connected with every kind of freedom. In each case an agent has the free choice and can realize his own desires.
PL
W celu uproszczenia rozważań można pominąć wątpliwości i zagrożenia związane z podziałem ludzkości na poszczególne narody i państwa oraz przyjąć jednoznacznie pozytywną ocenę pojęcia suwerenności i patriotyzmu. Przy takim założeniu należy stwierdzić, że aktualne członkostwo Polski w strukturach międzynarodowych nie ogranicza jej suwerenności. Nastąpiło bowiem w formie umowy międzynarodowej dobrowolnie i w interesie Narodu Polskiego, chociaż - jak każda umowa - pociąga za sobą ograniczenia i obowiązki. Inną sprawą są zjawiska "dekadencji kulturowej" mającej charakter globalny. Występują one z dużym nasileniem także w państwach nie należących do organizacji, do których przystąpiła Polska i zapewne przenikałyby tu również w sytuacji pozostawania poza tymi strukturami. Członkostwo Polski w Unii Europejskiej stwarza natomiast problemy związane z hierarchią źródeł prawa w przypadku pojawienie się kolizji pomiędzy prawem pochodzącym od prawodawcy polskiego a tzw. prawem unijnym. Dylematy z tego zakresu wymagają uporządkowania legislacji, a zwłaszcza korekty Konstytucji RP. Nie ma to jednak wpływu na problem suwerenności skoro nie zostaje naruszona zasada dobrowolności i interes narodowy.
EN
In order to simplify the discussion we can omit the doubts and dangers connected to the distinction of humanity to specific nation and states and stipulate clear positive evaluation of a definitions of sovereignty and patriotism. With such an approach we can state that present membership of Poland to international institutions does not limit Polish sovereignty. It was indeed gained through the form of international agreement entered freely and in the best interest of Polish Nation, even if we consider that as every agreement, it has also limitations and obligations. The separate issue is occurrences of “cultural decadency” of global character. They occur with high intensity also in those countries that are not part of the organizations that the Poland is and they would probably infiltrate our country if we had not joined the different international organizations anyway. Polish membership in the European Union creates however some problems in regards to the hierarchy of the sources of law in situations of conflicts of Polish statutory law and so called Union law. The troubles with this issue requires a better organization of legislation, especially amendment of the Polish Constitution. This problem however does not influence the issue of sovereignty since the principle of voluntary and state interest have not been violated.
RU
Для упрощения соображений можно выпустить сомнения и угрозы, связанные с разделением человечества на отдельные народы и государства; и окончательно принять положительную оценку концепции суверенитета и патриотизма. При этом допущении следует отметить, что нынешнее членство Польши в международных структурах не ограничивает ее суверенитета. Так как произoшло оно в форме международного соглашения на добровольной основе и в интересах польского народа, хотя – как и любой договор – влечет за собой ограничения и обязанности. Еще одной проблемой является феномен „культурного декaданса”, имеющий глобальный характер. Проиcходит oн также с высокой интенсивностью в странах, которые не принадлежат к организациям, к которым присоединилaсь Польшa и, вероятно, также происходили бы в ситуации не пребывания в этих структурaх. Членство Польши в Европейском Союзе, с другой стороны, создает проблемы с иерархией источников права в случае возникновения конфликта между польским правoм, a так называемым законодательствoм ЕС. Дилеммы в этой области требуют приведение в порядок законодательства, особенно коррекции Конституции ПР. Не имеет то, однако, влияния на проблему суверенитета, так как не нарушается принцип добровольности и национального интересa.
EN
In recent years, one can see the growth of interest in voluntary activity. It is connected on the one hand with the activities of assistance, thus fulfilling tasks for the benefit of people who need support, and on the other hand is associated with building and developing an informed and active society. Volunteering is present in many areas of social life. In terms of social welfare such activities focus on an individual, they teach, therefore, respect for people and paying attention to the weak. Volunteering helps understand others, forms a willingness to take action, take responsibility, it teaches looking for solutions in various situations of everyday life. Given the specific nature of volunteering and growing interest in volunteering by young people, the author of the article investigates the involvement of students in volunteer work for other people.
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