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EN
Those who fear the decline of the German language use the following argumentation: countless foreign words in the German language system, patchwork-like language use with all its linguistic phenomena, such as abbreviations and short forms, multilingualism, code-switching, bricolage, hybrid formations and borrowings, grammatical reduction and deviation from grammatical norms, codification of the language. Many of these language-changing processes are explained and even justified by globalisation and the enormous mobility of people in today’s world. There is somewhat less understanding of the use of vulgarisms not only in everyday life but also in the media. What was unthinkable a few decades ago has become reality today: Vulgarisms permeate public language and are even used by celebrities. While individual swear words no longer seem to shock, their accumulation in rock and rap lyrics is completely rejected by many or bypassed as a taboo subject. In his monograph, which is dedicated to a semantic and structural analysis of vulgarisms in German and Polish rap and rock lyrics, Krystian Suchorab deals with the use of vulgarisms and points out the following aspects, among others: vulgarisms and aggression in music; lyrics as a form of communication; semantic and structural analysis of vulgar lexemes in German and Polish rap and rock songs. With this contribution, the author breaks a taboo and enriches with his research the already existing, but not particularly extensive literature on the topic of vulgarisms. The topic still seems to be up-to-date and worth further research.
DE
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Versuch unternommen, anhand von zugänglichen Definitionen von Vulgarismen herauszufinden, warum manche Wörter als vulgär angesehen werden und aus welchen Themenbereichen sie stammen. Es wird eine eigene Terminologie vorgeschlagen, laut derer der Terminus Vulgarismus als Oberbegriff für die Begriffe Schimpfwort und Fluch fungiert. Näher betrachtet wird die Rolle, die der Kontext beim Auffassen von Vulgarismen spielt, die selten in ihrem literarischen oder wörtlichen Sinne benutzt werden. Darüber hinaus wird auf die Erscheinung des Bedeutungs- und Registerwandels aufmerksam gemacht, die im Fall von Vulgarismen besonders deutlich ist und in zwei Richtungen verläuft – entweder werden Wörter, die früher als vulgär galten, aufgewertet und nehmen eine neutrale oder sogar positive Bedeutung an, oder, ganz im Gegenteil, unterliegen Wörter, die früher neutral konnotiert waren, einer allmählichen Pejoration.
EN
Swear words are well-suited to express emotion as their primary meanings are connotative. The emotional impact of swearing depends on one’s experience with a culture and its language conventions. The present paper aims to compare the definitions of vulgarism in order to determine why some words are considered vulgar and from which their thematic areas originate. What is more, attention should be drawn to the phenomenon of change in meaning and register, which is particularly evident in the case of vulgarisms.
EN
Obscene / Improper Phraseology on Selected Examples (German and Polish) The idiomatic expressions with the vulgar components seem to be a insufficiently researched field of modern phraseology. This is also clear from the fact that there is only a few studies, which deal with this interesting subject. The main purpose of this paper is to show and analyse idiomatic expressions with the vulgar components for both languages − German and Polish. The idioms are excerpted from German and Polish dictionaries and various web sources.
DE
Die Phraseologismen mit vulgären Komponenten werden von den Sprachwissenschaftlern zwar angenommen, sie stehen aber nach wie vor am Rande der wissenschaftlichen Betrachtung. Davon zeugt vor allem die Tatsache, dass es zurzeit wenige Monographien gibt, in denen solche phraseologischen Einheiten in vollem Umfang behandelt werden. Die Defizite betreffen sowohl deutsche als auch polnische Untersuchungen zur Phraseologie, die in den letzten Jahren durchgeführt wurden. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt einen Versuch dar, die Phraseologismen, deren Kern eine derbe Komponente ist, vergleichend für das Sprachpaar Deutsch und Polnisch aufzuzeigen und sie zu erforschen. Die für diese Untersuchung gewählten Phraseologismen stammen aus ein- und zweisprachigen Wörterbüchern, sowie Internetquellen.
EN
This article focuses on the new culture, which influences young writers. The practice of using vulgarisms in the contemporary literature appeared after the changes in the political, economical and social life of 1989. It was caused by the influence of the mass culture, new media and the more liberal life of those times. The generation of barbarians (Marcin Świetlicki, Jacek Podsiadło) used vulgarisms in poetry. This way they wanted to show the truth about life and express their real emotions. They also resorted to the escape from tradition, history and convention. The youngest generation of writers (Marta Podgórnik, Agnieszka Wolny-Hamkało) continued this convention in prose and poetry.
EN
The article is an attempt at systematizing methods used in film translation of swearwords / (vulgarisms) from English into Polish. The methods presented in the study were arrived at through extensive research, which aimed at describing translation practices in the age of linguistic and sociolinguistic changes involving the increase in the frequency of usage of swearwords not only in every-day communication but also in film. The article presents quantitative research concerning the changes in the frequency of using vulgarisms in communication in Polish and English. The results constitute the basis for considering whether the changes a given language is undergoing can influence the translator’s decisions with regard to vulgarisms.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą usystematyzowania metod stosowanych w filmowym tłumaczeniu wulgaryzmów z języka angielskiego na język polski. Przedstawione metody zostały wyodrębnione w toku szeroko zakrojonego badania, którego celem był opis praktyk translatorskich w dobie przemian językowych i socjolingwistycznych związanych ze wzrostem częstotliwości stosowania jednostek nacechowanych wulgarnie nie tylko w codziennej komunikacji, ale również w filmie. W poniższym artykule zaprezentowano badania statystyczne dotyczące przemian w zakresie częstotliwości występowania wulgaryzmów w komunikacji w języku polskim i angielskim, ponieważ stanowią one podstawę do rozważań na tym, czy zmiany w języku wpływają na decyzje translatorskie w przypadku przekładu wulgaryzmów.
EN
In the present article I set out to investigate the role of vulgarisms in Philip Larkin’s “High Windows” and Tony Harrison’s long poem v. The key problem at issue here is the notion of social belonging, which both poems probe into. While Larkin uses the curse in order, as the poem unravels, to show the naivety and sterility of vulgar language, Harrison shows that that kind of language needs to be assimilated, for only in that case can poetry become a discourse accepting of otherness. Thus Larkin is revealed here as a critic of the rebellious generation that regards vulgar language as their principal means of expression, whereas Harrison positions himself as their advocate and, to some extent, leader of the “angry young men” of the 1980s in Britain.
XX
Celem artykułu jest wskazanie przykładów wyrazów o negatywnym zabarwieniu emocjonalnym – wulgaryzmów – występujących w języku bohaterów powieści Wzgórze Psów Jakuba Żulczyka, a także ustalenie funkcji, jakie pełnią one w tym tekście literackim. Zachodzi w nim ścisła relacja między przedstawioną rzeczywistością, w której dominuje przemoc, a językiem ją wyrażającym. Trudno ustalić kierunek tych oddziaływań, bowiem zarówno język bohaterów stwarza rzeczywistość, jak i rzeczywistość jest prezentowana przez język. W kontekście przedstawionych przykładów niepokojąca jest przemoc utrwalona w wypowiedziach większości bohaterów. Proza Żulczyka przechowuje negatywny obraz świata, a co za tym idzie magazynuje odpowiadające tej wizji zasoby językowe, obfitujące w wulgaryzmy, demoralizujące dialogi, a nawet odbierające jakąkolwiek nadzieję opisy krajobrazów.
EN
The aim of the article has been to show examples of words with a negative emotional charge – vulgarisms – appearing in the language of the characters in the novel Wzgórze Psów by Jakub Żulczyk, as well as to determine the functions they perform in this literary text. There is a close relationship between the presented reality, in which violence prevails, and the language that expresses it. It is difficult to determine the direction of these interactions, because both the language of the characters creates the reality and the reality is presented by the use of language. In the context of the presented examples, the violence conveyed in the statements of the majority of characters is worrying. Żulczyk's prose shows a negative image of the world, and thus exploits the language resources corresponding to this vision, rich in vulgarisms, demoralizing dialogues and even his descriptions of landscapes do not leave room for any hope.
EN
This páper attempts to interrelate culture (as a set of values produced and received by a specific community, including its artistic and literary production) and language/speechculture/cultiva on. Its point of departure is the classic hierarchy of styles, the differentiation between high style (which is associated with cultivated, and in Czech, exclusively standardlanguage expression), middle and low style. Low style is characterized by the use of non-standard. slang and expressive means and vulgarisms, and currently extends into Czechliteratuře; the style characteristics o f which, in addition to the non-standard means listed above, are contributed to by a significant amount of English loanwords, trendy words and phi ases (often from the media and advertising spheres). The use of all means of low style by the younger generation o f Czech authors is motivated by cnrical attitudes towards thecontemporary consumption-oriented society. This is documented in the páper through examples irom two playwrights (David Drábek, Petr Kolečko) and two poets (Karel Škrabal, JanTesnohlídek, Jr.). The critical orientation of the authors is directed toward the lifestyle of the society - it is, of course, a question, how to evaluate their work from the perspective of languageculture/cultivation.
HR
Članak govori o načinu prevođenja djela Vedrane Rudan, jedne od najpopularnijih hrvatskih spisateljica u Poljskoj. Suvremene teorije upućuju na prijevod kao fokus znanstveno ‑istraživačkog rada. Zato je u članku naglasak stavljen na poljsku kulturu i jezik, kao i poljsku recepciju hrvatske književnosti. U radu su prikazani i analizirani problemi prevođenja s hrvatskoga jezika na poljski vezani uz psovke, seks i književne aluzije.
EN
This article shows the various translations of Vedrana Rudan who is one of the most popular Croatian writers in Poland. A common view of translation says that focusing on a translation not the original is needed. That is why Polish culture, language and the reception of Croatian literature in Poland are key factors. Therefore in this article the problems with translating the Croatian language such as swearwords, sex and literary allusions into Polish have been shown.
EN
Structural Analysis of the Chosen Vulgarisms in German and Polish Song Lyrics (on the Example of Rap and Rock Songs) Vulgarity, swear words and interjections are a large part of our everyday use of language; they act as much as insults to another person, as an abreaction of the emotional state. They are also very frequently used in German and Polish rap and rock lyrics. In the article, I analyze the corpus in respect of occurrence and role of vulgarisms in song lyrics. The analyzed material contains german and polish vulgarisms: Arsch/dupa, Hure/kurwa, scheißen/srać, which are extracted from 200 song lyrics. The
DE
Vulgarismen, Schimpfwörter und Interjektionen sind Element der alltäglichen Kommunikation geworden. Sie dienen v. a. dem Abreagieren des emotionalen Zustands. In deutschen und polnischen Rap- und Rocktexten werden sie auch sehr häufig benutzt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag analysiere ich das Vorkommen und die Rolle von folgenden Vulgarismen: Arsch/dupa, Hure/kurwa, Scheiße/gówno, scheißen/srać in den deutschen und polnischen Rock- und Rapliedern. Das Untersuchungsmaterial wurde 200 Liedern entnommen. Das Ziel ist zu untersuchen, in welchen strukturellen Einheiten diese Lexeme in Liedtexten am meisten vorkommen.
12
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K lexikografickému zpracování tabuových slov

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EN
The present study addresses primarily the question of how vulgarisms are treated in various dictionaries, classifying taboo words into four main classes (etymological, euphemistic, terminological, and informal/vulgar). The main focus here is on sexual vulgarisms, as sexuality can be regarded as a multifaceted taboo established by various factors such as religion, psychology and the like. Our claim is that there exist certain taboo mechanisms within the lexicographic process that influence the design of particular dictionary entries. Supported by original research, our study illustrates how these mechanisms apply in the Large German-Czech Academic Dictionary and the Academic Dictionary of Contemporary Czech. Challenges in the description of vulgarisms, e.g. orthography, definition or exemplification, are presented. It is posited that the user aspect must be given enhanced status within the dictionary-making process and that lexicographers often have to base their decisions on common sense rather than a general methodology that often cannot account for various special cases and exceptions.
EN
The paper deals with the use of the expression ty vole ( that can be translated as man/dude/shit) in the current Czech language. Through the qualitative analysis of the material of spoken Czech corpora, the contribution demonstrates that this originally vulgar expression in contemporary Czech has lost its mischievous content in some contexts and it is used also with other meanings than vulgar or depreciative. At the same time, it is possible to observe the shift in its morphological classification, at present it is not always possible to characterize its form as a vocative of the substance of a word vůl/ox, i.e. also its position in the contacting function as addressing a communication partner, but it is formally ceased and it functions as a particle. Paralelly with it, it acquires new communication functions. The aim of the analysis is to describe the communication acquires new communicative functions. Corpus analysis is accompanied by an elicitation research probe among foreign students of Bohemistics. The aim of the elicitation is the individual interpretation of contexts and goals of using the vocabulary of ty vole. 
CS
Příspěvek se zabývá používáním prostředku ty vole v současné mluvené češtině. Prostřednictvím kvalitativní analýzy materiálu mluvených korpusů češtiny příspěvek dokládá, že tento původně vulgární výraz v současné češtině ztratil v některých kontextech svou hanlivou náplň a je užíván i s jinými významy než vulgárními či depreciativními. Zároveň je možné sledovat i posun v jeho morfologickém zařazení, v současné době ne vždy lze charakterizovat jeho formu jako vokativ substantiva vůl, tj. následně i jeho postavení ve funkci kontaktové jako oslovení komunikačního partnera, ale dochází k jeho formálnímu ustrnutí do podoby částice a paralelně s tím, získává nové komunikační funkce. Cílem analýzy je popis komunikačních funkcí, do nichž prostředek ty vole vstupuje. Korpusová analýza je provázena elicitační výzkumnou sondou mezi zahraničními studenty bohemistiky. Cílem elicitace jsou individuální interpretace kontextů a cílů užití slovního spojení ty vole.
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