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RU
The author in this research article analyses the names of witnesses in the period from Ancient Russia to the end of the 17th century. Vocabulary is analysed from the point of view of origin, semantics and sphere of usage. Russkaya Pravda (Rus’ Justice), birch bark manuscripts and business documents of the 15–17 centuries were used as research sources.
EN
The article recalls how in 2015, the year of the centenary of the Armenian Genocide, important publications emerged, shedding a light on the incident that will be difficult to ignore. In particular, it was the archives of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches, the Vatican Secret Archives and the Historical Archive of the Secretariat of State which offered up precious material for the knowledge of what was happening to Armenians in Turkey to Georges-Henri Ruyssen SJ. To the latter is owed a valuable and significant work of reconstruction undertaken over many years, and consisting of eight volumes. These contain letters written in Turkey by those in contact with the people, who with their own eyes saw what was happening, and who followed what was occurring with dismay. Their relationship with the territory and their direct experience are fundamental. The correspondences begin in the years 1894-1896, of which volume IV, ranging from 1908 to 1925, is drawn precisely from the Secret Vatican Archives(ASV) as well as the Historic Archives of the Secretariat of State, the Section for Relations with Territories (SS.RR.SS). The author also points out a small valuable contribution by Jewish intellectuals of the time, translated into Italian with the title Pro Armenia. She underlines how, immediately, some Jews tried to intervene, to stop the genocide, and to assist Armenians in various ways. Today, it is difficult to ignore what happened, to ignore and to reduce what historically is the first genocide of the twentieth century in Europe. An event which has been minimized and denied: whose effects are still being felt today, and which has left a trail at individual, family and social levels. Armenian terrorism, which has resulted in attacks and deaths in Turkey and elsewhere, derives from these negations. The same is the case for a strong nationalism still prevalent today in the Republic of Armenia, which is constrained by circumstances to adopt a defensive political stance and – out of necessity – to maintain good relations with Russia. We have to wish that, after those resounding acknowledgement of the genocide, Armenia will be able to look forward to a more serene future.
Forum Pedagogiczne
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2019
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vol. 9
|
issue 1
225-243
PL
This paper describes the results of an empirical study in which the objective was to find out how traumatic narratives by Shoah survivors are handled in a classroom setting. The study was conducted using an ethnographic approach by means of which a history lesson sequence was observed and analysed. The teaching medium of the lesson was a digitised presentation of memories by Shoah survivors. The description of the lesson establishes how teachers and students negotiate the difficult terrain of an emotional engagement with the testimonies. The findings are discussed by elaborating on the meaning of traumatic memories for the witnesses, and in turn by asking what it means to listen to the telling of such memories. Conclusions are drawn about the overall meaning of (history) education.
EN
The article discusses select literary images and presentations of March 1968, which are treated as an example of a postcatastrophic narration. The author states that the events of the years 1967-1968 are often depicted in Polish literature as a kind of a “recurring catastrophe” – predicting an event of the calibre of the Holocaust. Similarities and parallels can be noticed on the artistic level (ways of representation) and ideological (judgement of events). Consequently, the catastrophe does not fulfil its cathartic function and does not become a breakthrough, instead its characteristic features are repetitions and new configurations. Finally, the author asks whether, and to what extent, Polish remembrance of March overlaps with the remembrance of the Holocaust, and to what degree the struggle with anti-Semitism in 1967-1968 was simultaneously a struggle with anti-Semitism during WWII.
Prawo
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2019
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issue 328
25 - 40
EN
The article is devoted to an analysis of the significance of a witness’ origin to his credibility in the Roman criminal procedure on the basis of selected speeches by Cicero — Pro Fonteio, Pro Scauro and Pro Flacco. The extensive use of arguments relating to the nationality of witnesses testifying against the orator’s clients suggests that such references may have been important in the assessment of the credibility of their testimony, despite the fact that formally Roman law did not introduce any restrictions on testifying based on the witness’ origin. Drawing on her analysis of the selected speeches, the author concludes that the references to a witness’ origin and characteristics attributed to a given nation replace arguments relating to the witness himself, without being of crucial significance on their own and being only a necessity in a situation where there is no information about the witness.
DE
Der Aufsatz ist der Analyse der Bedeutung der Herkunft eines Zeugen für die Bewertung seiner Glaubwürdigkeit im römischen Strafverfahren auf Basis von ausgewählten Reden Ciceros — Pro Fonteio, Pro Scauro und Pro Flacco gewidmet. Die breite Verwendung von Argumenten betreffend die Nationalität der Zeugen, die mit ihren Aussagen die Klienten des Orators belasteten, könnte die wesentliche Bedeutung dieser Bezugnahme auf die Beurteilung der Glaubwürdigkeit von Aussagen andeuten, obwohl das römische Recht formal keine Einschränkungen im Bereich von Aussagen im Hinblick auf die Abstammung einführte. Die Analyse der genannten Reden führt die Autorin zum Schluss, dass die Bezugnahme auf die Abstammung und die Zurechnung charakteristischer Züge einer Nation, eine Ersatzfunktion im Hinblick auf die Argumente betreffend den Zeugen selbst darstellten, allein keine wesentliche Bedeutung hatten und in der Situation notwendig waren, wenn Informationen über den Aussagenden fehlten.
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
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2013
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vol. 23
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issue 4
79-90
EN
The course of a beatification process of a group of martyrs is no different to a cause concerning a single candidate to the glory of the altars. The most evident differences, potentially having far-reaching consequences in the future, are noticeable at the preliminary stage of such a process. The five sections of the article address the following issues: past canonisation processes of groups of martyrs, reasons and various preferences for the creation of such groups including the present-day consolidation of several causes, the question of a competent bishop, the composition of the group and relevance of collected evidence, and finally the issue of restricting the number of witnesses in this kind of process. In beatification processes that are intended to apply jointly to several persons it is vital at the preliminary stage to pay particular attention to the criterion of selection and joining candidates together: whether death was inflicted in the same place and whether it occurred under the same persecution. During the process itself, evidence concerning individual persons has to be accumulated and processed since the Canon Law elements are verified with respect to each of them. When a resolution is made that the process will follow the path of martyrdom and that a group of candidates will be established, one has to exclude such possibilities as “taking the easier way” or “omitting a cause for a miracle by the intercession of a particular servant of God”, the latter necessary in the case of confessors.
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Verba movent, exempla trahunt

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Valentyna Sobol’s review entitled Verba wovent, exempla trahunt analyses the latest work of professor Mykola Zhulinsky My Second World War – a documentary „novel-chronicle in voices” (Жулинський Микола. Моя друга світова. Роман-хроніка в голосах, Видавництво «Ярославів Вал», Київ 2016, 416 сс.). The reviewer pays special attention to book’s complex structure, however it consists of just two, albeit extensive chapters „A war on us against all” (Війна з нами проти всіх) and „A war for ourselves with everybody” (Війна за себе з усіма). These chapters and their titles are keys that unlock unknown charters of Ukrainian history of 1939-1945, but they do not give definitive answers to difficult questions. V. Sobol analyses tragic experiences of main personages of the novel-chronicle and its multiple (real-life) secondary heroes – all set against the backdrop of the history of East-European totalitarian societies of the 20th century. Of special significance for the novel are the rules the narrator applies to portray its people and his skillful ability to reveal their idiosyncratic and universal features. Zhulinsky’s book overwhelms the reader and gives it a powerful stimulus to its own thoughts and judgements.
EN
Around 30,000 citizens of pre-war Czechoslovakia were persecuted in the Soviet Union, at least 5.000 originated from Czech lands. One of the groups consist of the people who in the period of 1939-1942 sought refuge in the USSR from German or Hungarian Nazism, or who wanted to actively fight against it. They ended up in the Gulag, from which they were freed during an amnesty linked to the creation of a Czechoslovak unit in the USSR. Many were Czechoslovak Jews, including those who escaped from the Nazi concentration camp in Poland. Nisko, while thousands were inhabitants of Carpathian Ruthenia.
PL
Artykuł stanowi teoretyczną analizę potencjalnej roli świadków cyberbullyingu w powstrzymywaniu aktów agresji poprzez udzielanie wsparcia ofiarom, dyscyplinowanie sprawców czy swoistą bierność. Wstępem do rozważań na temat możliwych działań świadków jest przedstawienie definicji i charakterystyki zjawiska cyberbullyingu oraz omówienie znaczenia aktywizacji świadków, jak również scharakteryzowanie specyficznej ich roli w kontekście agresji realizowanej online. Druga część artykułu poświęcona jest prezentacji wyników badań wybranych autorów uwzględniających obecność świadków w cyberbullyingu.
EN
The paper analyzes potential role of witnesses in moderating cyberbullying by supporting victims, disciplining the perpetrator, or being a bystander in the process of online aggressive behaviour. An introduction to the discussion about possible witnesses’ actions is describing the definition and characteristics of cyberbullying, highlighting importance of activating this group and characterizing their specific role in cyberbullying. The second part of the article focuses on the presentation of results of several studies concerning participation of witnesses.
Perspektywy Kultury
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2024
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vol. 45
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issue 2
93-106
EN
Biblical apocalypticism has developed its own language of temporal terms. Due to the peculiarities of the genre and the associated rhetoric and the process of persuasion conducted through it, they become very strongly linked to the senses. An interesting example due to the accumulation of both temporal and sensory terms is the eleventh chapter of the Revelation of St. John. Their correlation and transformation within 19 verses is woven into images of very rich meaning, taken from both the Old and New Testaments, presented succinctly, in a manner appropriate to this cultural text. The treatment of the aforementioned transformations from the grammatical side is interesting, as it reflects Semitic thought verbalized with koine. Also noteworthy is the euphony, important in these cultural texts, because of the peculiarities of their formation and functioning of the community. The multifaceted approach to the theme of the transformation of time in the Revelation of St. John seems highly original compared to other literary texts.
PL
Apokaliptyka biblijna wypracowała własny język ujęć temporalnych. Z racji specyfiki gatunku i związanej z tym retoryki oraz prowadzonego za jej pośrednictwem procesu perswazji zostają one bardzo mocno powiązane ze zmysłami. Ciekawym przykładem ze względu na kumulację zarówno określeń temporalnych, jak i sensorów jest jedenasty rozdział Apokalipsy według św. Jana. Ich korelacja i transformacja w obrębie 19 wersetów zostaje wpleciona w obrazy o bardzo bogatej wymowie, zaczerpnięte zarówno ze Starego, jak i Nowego Testamentu, przedstawione lapidarnie, w sposób właściwy dla tego tekstu kultury. Ciekawe jest ujęcie wspomnianych transformacji od strony gramatycznej, gdyż odzwierciedla myśl semicką werbalizowaną za pomocą koine. Warta uwagi jest także eufonia, istotna w tych tekstach kultury, z racji specyfiki ich kształtowania się i funkcjonowania społeczności. Wielopłaszczyznowość ujęcia tematu transformacji czasu w Apokalipsie według św. Jana wydaje się niezwykle oryginalna na tle innych tekstów literackich.
EN
The process of nullity of marriage is to discover the truth about marriage. An oath to tell the truth is inherent in the process of marriage. An oath is the invocation of the divine Name as witness to the truth. It cannot be taken except in truth, judgment and justice (can. 1199 § 1 CIC). In the process of nullity of a marriage, the judge is to administer an oath to the parties to tell the truth or at least to con rm the truth of what they have said unless a grave cause suggests otherwise. The judge is to administer an oath to the witness. An oath to tell the truth is to strengthen the testimony of the parties and witnesses.
PL
Proces o stwierdzenie nieważności małżeństwa to poszukiwanie prawdy o małżeństwie. W fazę dowodzenia wpisuje się pojęcie przysięgi co do mówienia prawdy podczas przesłuchań. Przysięga jest wezwaniem imienia Bożego na świadka prawdy. Zgodnie z Kodeksem z 1983 roku winny ją złożyć strony oraz świadkowie zeznający w sprawie. Przysięga wzmacnia moc dowodową ich zeznań. Taka przysięga ma charakter religijny i jako taka nie jest obligatoryjna. Niemniej prawodawca wymaga, aby osoba odmawiająca złożenia przysięgi w takiej formie zobowiązała się mówić prawdę. W ten sposób widać, że prawda jest entelechią tego procesu.
EN
The study presents an opinion concerning the possibility of shortening matrimonial procedures according to the idea of Pope Francis. The author, basing on the reflections of J. Habermas i T. Shaffer, points out that the most important thing in matrimonial procedures is the direct contact of the judge with the parties and witnesses. The oral contentious process undoubtedly serves this purpose, since it involves a cooperative meeting and acknowledging procedural conditions of exchanging arguments and taking a decision, thus showing their priority over making purely logical conclusions based on opinions or norms.
PL
W opracowaniu została zaprezentowana opinia dotycząca możliwości skrócenia procesu małżeńskiego zgodnie z zamysłem papieża Franciszka. Autor na podstawie przemyślenia J. Habermasa i T. Shaffera wskazuje, że najważniejszą rzeczą w procesie małżeńskim jest bezpośredni kontakt sędziego ze stronami oraz świadkami. Służy z pewnością temu proces ustny, w którym dochodzi do kooperacyjnego spotkania i uznania proceduralnych warunków wymiany argumentów i podejmowania decyzji, wykazując ich przewagę nad czysto logicznym wnioskowaniem opierającym się na zdaniach czy normach.
Perspektywy Kultury
|
2020
|
vol. 30
|
issue 3
47-62
PL
Kupcy z Europy Zachodniej działający w Famaguście na Cyprze – w tym Genueńczycy, Wenecjanie, Katalończycy, Pizańczycy, Prowansalczycy i przedstawiciele innych narodowości oraz kupcy cypryjscy mający siedzibę w tym portowym mieście – sporządzali u notariuszy genueńskich i weneckich testa­menty, z których wiele zachowało się do dzisiaj. Testamenty te stanowią cenne źródło wiedzy o darowiznach i spadkach, które kupcy przepisywali na rzecz członków rodziny i przyjaciół, a także instytucji, zwłaszcza takich jak kościoły, klasztory i zakony żebracze. Ponadto w dokumentach tych znajdziemy zapis kredytów i długów cypryjskich kupców wobec różnych wierzycieli, dekrety wyzwolenia należących do nich niewolników, którzy czasem również otrzymy­wali spadek, a sporadycznie także listy z wyszczególniem przedmiotów mate­rialnych, takich jak odzież, sztućce lub waluty znajdujące się w ich posiadaniu. Z tego rodzaju informacji możemy wywnioskować, że kupcy utrzymywali sto­sunki handlowe i osobiste z przedstawicielami innych narodowości lub wyznań chrześcijańskich, posiadali niewolników o różnym pochodzeniu etnicznym i waluty nienależące do królestwa Lusignan na Cyprze, a także przedmioty pochodzące z innych terytoriów. Te zjawiska świadczą o ich mobilności geo­graficznej i chęci przekraczania granic fizycznych, finansowych oraz kulturo­wych. Zdarzało się nawet, że kupcy cypryjscy zapisywali sumy pieniężne oso­bom i Kościołom obrządku niełacińskiego. Moją intencją w tym artykule jest zbadanie oraz ocena znaczenia i użyteczności takich testamentów. Pragnę rów­nież w nim zwrócić uwagę, że z treści cypryjskich testamentów możemy się dowiedzieć, jak, dlaczego i do jakiego stopnia kupcy przekraczali granice naro­dowe, etniczne i religijne zarówno w kontaktach handlowych, jak i osobistych. Ponadto omówione zostaną również ograniczenia zakresu informacji zawar­tych w tych testamentach oraz przyczyny istnienia tych ograniczeń.
EN
The Western merchants operating in Famagusta, Cyprus-including Geno­ese, Venetians, Catalans, Pisans, Provençals, other nationalities, and Cypriot merchants based in this port city-drew up wills with Genoese and Vene­tian notaries, a number of which are extant. These wills impart information on the bequests these merchants made to family members and friends as well as to institutions, particularly churches, monasteries, and mendicant orders. Furthermore, they record the credits and debts of these merchants to various parties, decree the manumission of slaves owned by the merchants-some of whom also received bequests-and on occasion list material objects such as clothing, silverware, or sums of currency in their possession. We can glean from these types of information that merchants had commercial and personal relations with members of nationalities or Christian denominations different to their own, had slaves of various ethnic backgrounds, and had in their pos­session currencies other than that of the Lusignan kingdom of Cyprus, as well as objects originating from elsewhere. These are phenomena that testify to their geographical mobility and their willingness to cross physical, financial, as well as cultural boundaries. On occasion, they even bequeathed sums of money to individuals and churches of non-Latin rites. In this paper, I intend to examine and assess the importance and utility of such wills, explaining that through their contents one can discover how, why and the extent to which merchants crossed national, ethnic and religious boundaries in both their commercial and their personal dealings. In addition, the limitations of the information such wills offer and the reasons why these limitations exist will also be discussed.
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