Search results

1

Measuring Syntactic Complexity in Spoken and Written Learner Language: Comparing the Incomparable?

100%

Lintunen P., Mäkilä M.

Research in Language

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2014

|

vol. 12

|

issue 4

377-399

EN

Spoken and written language are two modes of language. When learners aim at higher skill levels, the expected outcome of successful second language learning is usually to become a fluent speaker and writer who can produce accurate and complex language in the target language. There is an axiomatic difference between speech and writing, but together they form the essential parts of learners’ L2 skills. The two modes have their own characteristics, and there are differences between native and nonnative language use. For instance, hesitations and pauses are not visible in the end result of the writing process, but they are characteristic of nonnative spoken language use. The present study is based on the analysis of L2 English spoken and written productions of 18 L1 Finnish learners with focus on syntactic complexity. As earlier spoken language segmentation units mostly come from fluency studies, we conducted an experiment with a new unit, the U-unit, and examined how using this unit as the basis of spoken language segmentation affects the results. According to the analysis, written language was more complex than spoken language. However, the difference in the level of complexity was greatest when the traditional units, T-units and AS-units, were used in segmenting the data. Using the U-unit revealed that spoken language may, in fact, be closer to written language in its syntactic complexity than earlier studies had suggested. Therefore, further research is needed to discover whether the differences in spoken and written learner language are primarily due to the nature of these modes or, rather, to the units and measures used in the analysis.

2

Measuring Syntactic Complexity in Spoken and Written Learner Language: Comparing the Incomparable?

100%

Lintunen P., Mäkilä M.

Research in Language

|

2014

|

vol. 12

|

issue 4

377-399

EN

Spoken and written language are two modes of language. When learners aim at higher skill levels, the expected outcome of successful second language learning is usually to become a fluent speaker and writer who can produce accurate and complex language in the target language. There is an axiomatic difference between speech and writing, but together they form the essential parts of learners’ L2 skills. The two modes have their own characteristics, and there are differences between native and nonnative language use. For instance, hesitations and pauses are not visible in the end result of the writing process, but they are characteristic of nonnative spoken language use. The present study is based on the analysis of L2 English spoken and written productions of 18 L1 Finnish learners with focus on syntactic complexity. As earlier spoken language segmentation units mostly come from fluency studies, we conducted an experiment with a new unit, the U-unit, and examined how using this unit as the basis of spoken language segmentation affects the results. According to the analysis, written language was more complex than spoken language. However, the difference in the level of complexity was greatest when the traditional units, T-units and AS-units, were used in segmenting the data. Using the U-unit revealed that spoken language may, in fact, be closer to written language in its syntactic complexity than earlier studies had suggested. Therefore, further research is needed to discover whether the differences in spoken and written learner language are primarily due to the nature of these modes or, rather, to the units and measures used in the analysis.

3

Comparison of written language abilities between adult deaf and young deaf children

100%

Hadjikakou K., Katsantoni I., Matar M.-R., Mnasonos M., Moustoukki M., Partaki E., Prodromou M.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Psychologica

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2012

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vol. 5

7-17

EN

The purpose of the current study was to compare for the first time in Cyprus deaf and hard of hearing (d/hh) children’s written ability with that of adult d/hh persons. One group consisted of young children who were between 12–13 years of age and with congenital hearing losses (mean 80 dB HL in the better hearing ear at .5, 1, 2, 4 kHz), but without additional disabilities, who were attending the last grade of various general high schools in Cyprus (N = 11). They were trained orally in general schools, which they attended exclusively. The comparison group consisted of 11 adult d/hh persons (mean 75 dB HL in the better hearing ear at .5, 1,2, 4 kHz), all of whom were between 41–58 years of age, without any disabilities; they all are signing Deaf and had attended the school for the deaf in Cyprus. All participants were asked to produce written texts on topics of common interest (about everyday life). The analysis of the written texts was both quantitative and qualitative. Regarding the quantitative analysis, the written language was analysed by focusing on a) text content and structure, b) syntax, and c) vocabulary. Qualitative analysis was applied for further elaboration on the characteristics observed in the texts of the sample. This study revealed that d/hh children reached better levels of competence in written Greek compared with adult d/hh people, at least for the investigated aspects. The findings of the study may be of importance for educators and policy makers in Cyprus and elsewhere.

4

Autentyczny tekst pisany jako pomoc dydak-tyczna w nauczaniu dorosłych komunikowania się w języku specjalistycznym

89%

Markowski G.

Neofilolog

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2011

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issue 37

109-119

EN

This paper is an attempt to present the role of authentic written texts in teaching communication in specialist language, based on the example of business language. The terms detailed here include communication, language as communication tool and specialist text. The methods of creating new terms, correlations between the sender of some content and its addressee, and the specialist knowledge held. The options of using specialist texts in business language classes were also presented. In this case such texts include information materials, interviews, certificates, contacts, agreements, statements, confirmations, invoices, orders, reports, other documents and commercial forms and commercial and official correspondence.

5

Língua escrita e língua real: o que um corpus oral permite descobrir

88%

Teixeira J.

Studia Iberystyczne

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2014

|

vol. 13

487-506

EN

Starting from an extensive oral corpus which is being collected, this paper focuses on how the oral language allows us to realize what languages really are and how they work beyond the formalized written dimension. It is our claim to show that it is language in use that better highlights many aspects which are impossible to understand only by an analysis of the traditional “linguistic system”. So we will verify how oral speech really performs sentences and its lexical and pragmatic elements.

6

Eestikeelse termini konekaand kujunemislugu

75%

Baran A.

Mäetagused

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2017

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vol. 69

77-108

EN

Phrasemes that represent a short folklore genre are found in all languages. They can be used to enrich both the spoken and written language, and the ability to use them shows a skilful mastery of the language. The term kõnekäänd [speech + turn > turn of phrase], which marks instances of figurative language, first appeared in Estonian a couple of centuries ago. The present article explores written Estonian sources (dictionaries, grammars, textbooks, handbooks, and monographs, but also correspondence and handwritten collections) from the 17th century up to the 1920s, to find out how this term evolved and why it came into use. In so doing, some insights into German terms are also offered to explain the influence other languages had on the written language that was still developing back then.

7

Съвременни нагласи към съотношението писмен: устен български език

75%

Алексова К.

Slavica Lodziensia

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2018

|

vol. 2

173-183

SR

-

EN

The study analyses answer given to three questions part of a nationally representative survey on linguistic attitudes towards written grammatical norms. These questions are aimed at gathering information about the possible attitudes of modern Bulgarians towards the magnitude distance between the Bulgarian written standard language and oral speech. Another aim of the study is to explore respondents‘ preferences concerning the question of synchronization between the two existing language forms - written and oral. The survey clearly shows that more than 61% of respondents are of the opinion that the differences between the Bulgarian written and spoken language should be decreased, respectively, there needs to be a process of convergence and equalization of the two language codes. The study applies the hyper-square method in order to explore which socio-demographic factors have a major influence on respondents‘ attitudes. The domineering view (69% of the respondents) is that oral speech should be in line with the Bulgarian written standard language, consequently, grammatical rules should be followed and taken on board when speaking. Finally, the chi-square method is applied when defining the factors which determine the respondents‘ attitudes. The study introduces the idea that conservative attitudes are likely to appear amongst Bulgarian adults as they have the idea of decreasing the differences between the Bulgarian written and oral language by finding a way of synchronizing them.

8

Mowa i pismo – dwie komplementarne formy języka

75%

Sadziński R.

Społeczeństwo. Edukacja. Język

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2014

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vol. 2

151-156

EN

One gets the impression that the written form of the language implementation is preferably used as reference of linguistic analysis. In contrast, the article – not least on the basis of Jacques Derrida’s De la grammatologie – supports the thesis that all realizations of both, the spoken and the written language, are complementary. Consequently, they should be treated equally in the analysis. Also the legitimacy of the hitherto dominant print-based definitions of grammatical units has been criticized.

9

Kierunki przemian w języku uczniów

63%

Romanek B.

Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka

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2017

|

vol. 8

|

issue 1

47-53

PL

Artykuł przedstawia najważniejsze zjawiska we współczesnej polszczyźnie oraz ich znaczenie dla rozwoju języka dzieci. Omawia także rolę szkoły i mediów w kształtowaniu języka mówionego i pisanego młodego pokolenia. Wskazuje negatywny wpływ mediów oraz zadania szkoły w edukacji językowej uczniów.

EN

The article presents the most important phenomena in contemporary polish language and their importance for the development of children's language. It also discusses the role of schools and the media in shaping the spoken and written language of the younger generation. It indicates the negative influence of the media and the school assignment in language education pupils.

10

Fonotaktická analýza obsahu slabik na okrajích českých slov v mluvené a psané řeči

63%

Šturm P., Lukeš D.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2017

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vol. 78

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issue 2

99-118

EN

This study aims to provide and analyze a representative list of Czech initial syllable onsets and final codas along with their frequencies of occurrence in running text (token frequencies) and in the vocabulary of unique word forms extracted from it (type frequencies). The frequency data are important because many experiments have demonstrated that phonotactics is not categorical, but rather gradient in nature. Importantly, the study analyzes and compares both spoken and written texts, using the Czech National Corpus, and the two modalities are hypothesized to yield different outcomes. All words in the sample were transcribed phonemically and analyzed. A general preference was found for phonotactic structures that are simple in the context of the attested inventory, and the two corpora differed most in the repertoire of complex onsets/codas (some sequences being unique to one modality) as well as in their respective frequencies. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies of Czech phonotactics, and evaluated with respect to implications for phonological theory, focusing on spoken/written and type/token comparisons.

11

Versetzungsstrukturen als topologische Mittel der Informationsstruktur in deutschen und polnischen Pressetexten

63%

Jaremkiewicz-Kwiatkowska A.

Studia Germanica Gedanensia

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2021

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vol. 45

75-86

EN

Dislocation structures are increasingly becoming an object of linguistic research. This interest is determined communicatively and pragmatically, i. e. it results from the awareness of these constructions in information-structural aspects of utterances. The aim of the present paper is to determine frequency of occurrence as well as complexity of dislocation structures in this function in German and Polish print media.

DE

Seit kurzem werden die Versetzungsstrukturen immer haufiger zum Untersuchungsgegenstand der linguistischen Forschung. Dieses Interesse ist kommunikativ-pragmatisch determiniert, d. h. es erfolgt aus dem Bewusstsein ihrer Bedeutung bei der informationsstrukturellen Gliederung von Auserungen. Das Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrags ist die Vorkommenshaufigkeit sowie Vielsichtigkeit der Herausstellungsstrukturen in der betreffenden Funktion in Pressetexten der beiden Sprachen (Deutsch-Polnisch) aufzuzeigen.

12

Writing, Legal Rule and Abstract Coin – the Archaic Beginnings of Scientific and Philosophical Thought

51%

Oniszczuk J.

Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem

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2018

|

vol. 10

|

issue 2

238-261

EN

Important for the scientific and philosophical mode of thought is the issue of circumstances that lead to the emergence of such type of reflection, different from traditional ways of explaining the reality by mythological beliefs. The spiritual search of a philosophising man turned out to be a reflection upon rule, upon the all-governing principle, i.e. both the natural world (cosmos) and the relations between people. This mode of thought evolved when a need and possibility for writing down (setting out) abstract legal norms (nomos) for the sake of certainty and verifiability of judgments arose. It was vital also for the trade and in particular for ownership (civil law), whose value was abstractly expressed in monetary money. These were the crucial factors in the initiation and development of scientific and philosophical (abstract) thought. Other fundamental conditions for the development of science and philosophy included liberty, equality and respect for otherness, as well as the non-orthodox character of beliefs (myths). These were ensured by the civic, cosmopolitan and economically developed polis, particularly the democratic one. Such conditions for the development of science and philosophy have proved to be universal and timeless.

13

Ocena sprawności językowej, komunikacyjnej i grafomotorycznej na przykładzie opisu. Studium przypadku ucznia z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną w stopniu lekkim

51%

Jęczeń U., Rękawek O.

Logopaedica Lodziensia

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2023

|

issue 7

49-66

EN

The article is devoted to the issues of description as a form of spoken and written utterance as exemplified by the utterances/texts of a mildly intellectually disabled school student. The written utterance was assessed based on the graphomotor profile, assessment of the lexical resource and the evaluation of the structure of the utterance. The spoken utterance was analysed based on the realization of such procedures as generalization of events, spatiality, the ability to present, and atemporality. The results of the studies confirm the reduced ability of mildly intellectually disabled students to use description both in the oral and written form. Deficiencies in the realisation of individual utterances result not only from the state of intellectual disability, which restricts the development of an individual’s linguistic and communicative skills, but also from many other determinants.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest problematyce opisu jako formy wypowiedzi mówionej i pisanej na przykładzie wypowiedzi/tekstów jednego ucznia z niepełnosprawnością w stopniu lekkim. Została w nim przeprowadzona ocena wypowiedzi pisanej na podstawie profilu grafomotorycznego, ocena zasobu leksykalnego oraz ocena struktury wypowiedzi. Analiza wypowiedzi mówionej oparta została na realizacji takich procedur, jak generalizacja zdarzeń, przestrzenność, prezentatywność, atemporalność. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań potwierdzają obniżoną sprawność ucznia z niepełnosprawnością umysłową w stopniu lekkim w posługiwaniu się opisem zarówno w formie ustnej, jak i pisanej. Niedostatki w realizacji poszczególnych wypowiedzi wynikają ze stanu niepełnosprawności intelektualnej, która ogranicza rozwój sprawności językowych i komunikacyjnych jednostki, ale też wielu innych uwarunkowań.

14

Pismo jako środek obiektywizacji języka i poznania

51%

Trybulec M.

Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa

|

2015

|

vol. 51

|

issue 2(204)

183-190

PL

Artykuł odpowiada na pytanie, w jaki sposób pismo, dzięki procesowi obiektywizacji języka, przyczynia się do obiektywizacji znaczeń. Proces ten opisany zostanie na przykładzie antropologii słowa E. Havelocka i psychologii piśmienności D. Olsona. Przedstawione funkcje pisma w wyłonieniu się świadomości metajęzykowej i ukonstytuowaniu relacji poznawczej wskazują, że nie każdy rodzaj zewnętrznych reprezentacji, jak sugeruje Wittgenstein, jest równie użyteczny w procesie obiektywizacji znaczeń.

EN

The paper answers the question, how writing, in virtue of the process of language objectifi cation, contributes to objectifi cation of meaning. This processes are described by appealing to E. Havelock’s anthropology of the word and by D. Olson’s psychology of literacy. Writing contributes to metaliguistic awareness and constitute epistemic relation. This suggest that not every kind of external representations is equally suited to contribute to the process of objectifi cation of meaning.

15

Język pisany, reguła prawna i abstrakcyjna moneta – archaiczne początki myślenia naukowo-filozoficznego

38%

Oniszczuk J.

Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem

|

2018

|

vol. 10

|

issue 2

212-237

EN

Important for the scientific and philosophical mode of thought is the issue of circumstances that lead to the emergence of such type of reflection, different from traditional ways of explaining the reality by mythological beliefs. The spiritual search of a philosophising man turned out to be a reflection upon rule, upon the all- -governing principle, i.e. both the natural world (cosmos) and the relations between people. This mode of thought evolved when a need and possibility for writing down (setting out) abstract legal norms (nomos) for the sake of certainty and verifiability of judgments arose. It was vital also for the trade and in particular for ownership (civil law), whose value was abstractly expressed in monetary money. These were the crucial factors in the initiation and development of scientific and philosophical (abstract) thought. Other fundamental conditions for the development of science and philosophy included liberty, equality and respect for otherness, as well as the non-orthodox character of beliefs (myths). These were ensured by the civic, cosmopolitan and economically developed polis, particularly the democratic one. Such conditions for the development of science and philosophy have proved to be universal and timeless.

PL

Ważny dla naukowego i filozoficznego sposobu myślenia jest problem okoliczności, które wpłynęły na wykształcenie takiego typu rozważań, różnego od objaśniania rzeczywistości za pomocą mitologicznych wierzeń. Sensem umysłowych poszukiwań człowieka filozofującego okazał się namysł nad regułą, nad kierującą wszystkim zasadą, tj. zarówno światem naturalnym (kosmosem), jak i relacjami między ludźmi. Doszło do tego sposobu myślenia po tym, gdy pojawiła się potrzeba i możliwość spisania (ustanowienia) abstrakcyjnych norm prawa (nomos) dla pewności i sprawdzalności orzecznictwa, dla obrotu gospodarczego, a zwłaszcza dla własności (prawo cywilne), wartość której wyrażono abstrakcyjnie w pieniądzu monetarnym. Były to znaczące okoliczności dla zainicjowania i rozwoju myślenia naukowo-filozoficznego (abstrakcyjnego). Innymi fundamentalnymi warunkami rozwoju nauki i filozofii była wolność, równość i uznanie dla inności, a także nieortodoksyjny charakter wierzeń (mitów). Te zapewniała zaś obywatelska, kosmopolityczna i rozwinięta gospodarczo polis, zwłaszcza demokratyczna. Owe warunki rozwoju nauki i okazały się uniwersalne i ponadczasowe.

16

Některé vývojové tendence ve vidovém systému současné češtiny:

38%

Bláha O.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

|

2020

|

vol. 103

|

issue 4

320-336

EN

The paper deals with changes in the Czech aspectual system during the last twenty-five years. The author analyses data acquired from the Czech National Corpus or, more precisely, from subcorpora containing only journalistic texts (the national daily newspapers Hospodářské noviny, Lidové noviny, Mladá fronta DNES and Právo). The corpus-based analysis showed that the frequency of the verb (and its finite forms) has been increasing in journalistic texts and that the statistic relation between imperfective and perfective verbs, as well as the relation between grammatical tenses in Czech, has become more asymmetrical (especially, the frequency of imperfective verbs has been rising). The increase in aspectual asymmetry accentuates the “western” features of the Czech aspectual system in the sense of S. M. Dickey’s (2000) conception. Together with the increasing aspectual asymmetry in Czech, the frequency of bi-aspectual verbs has slightly decreased. The analysis also showed that the frequency of verbs with prefixes (both perfective and imperfective) has decreased in Czech. The author interprets these facts as results of the transmission of certain dynamic (and system-based) features from spoken language to the written language, and he also discusses the typological context of the changes (inferring aspectual meanings from grammatical context as a manifestation of strengthening analyticity in Czech).

Refine search results

Measuring Syntactic Complexity in Spoken and Written Learner Language: Comparing the Incomparable?

Measuring Syntactic Complexity in Spoken and Written Learner Language: Comparing the Incomparable?

Comparison of written language abilities between adult deaf and young deaf children

Autentyczny tekst pisany jako pomoc dydak-tyczna w nauczaniu dorosłych komunikowania się w języku specjalistycznym

Língua escrita e língua real: o que um corpus oral permite descobrir

Eestikeelse termini konekaand kujunemislugu

Съвременни нагласи към съотношението писмен: устен български език

Mowa i pismo – dwie komplementarne formy języka

Kierunki przemian w języku uczniów

Fonotaktická analýza obsahu slabik na okrajích českých slov v mluvené a psané řeči

Versetzungsstrukturen als topologische Mittel der Informationsstruktur in deutschen und polnischen Pressetexten

Writing, Legal Rule and Abstract Coin – the Archaic Beginnings of Scientific and Philosophical Thought

Ocena sprawności językowej, komunikacyjnej i grafomotorycznej na przykładzie opisu. Studium przypadku ucznia z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną w stopniu lekkim

Pismo jako środek obiektywizacji języka i poznania

Język pisany, reguła prawna i abstrakcyjna moneta – archaiczne początki myślenia naukowo-filozoficznego

Některé vývojové tendence ve vidovém systému současné češtiny: