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Etnografia Polska
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2009
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vol. 53
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issue 1-2
213-231
EN
This article is a monograph of the contemporary religiosity perceived through the prism of religious practices of various generations of the rural population in Cierpieta in the Kurpie region. The text is written on the basis of material collected by the authoress during the ethnographic fieldwork conducted in this village. The article describes a change of a religious traditions and practices. The authoress discusses the increasing role of priests and Church in the means of adopting new practices and making them popular among parishioners. The influence of globalization on perceiving religiosity and the spread of the phenomenon of so-called popular religiosity is being widely discussed as well.
Etnografia Polska
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2007
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vol. 51
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issue 1-2
149-170
EN
This article is based on the fieldwork conducted in two villages in Moldavia: Lapushna and Tartaul de Salcie. The first one is inhabited mainly by individual farmers, while the second one is a seat of a large enterprise similar to former kolkhoz. The authoress focuses on peoples' approach towards the process of privatization. In her analysis she uses, after one of her informants, the term 'kolkhoz mentality'. The general theoretical framework on post-socialist and de-collectivization studies is provided as well. Issues of collectivization and especially the choice between individual and collective farming is being widely discussed. The authoress shows positive as well as negative aspects of both forms of work as well as peoples' attitudes.
EN
The abstract of essay constitutes reflection about things (in the meaning of objects). Things are elements of our everyday life, they cause a human practice of social actions, economical behavior, psycho-behavioral acts. Things can be important and suggestive elements of subjective and collective identity, also things can build spaces of our memories and construct a perspective for reflection in which man makes wonder about their meanings, creation process, using, consuming, making home for them, giving out, throwing away or making narrative for them. Author shows, the presence of things (objects) in fiction and remembrance prose oriented for the description of southern parts of Eastern Prussia (Warmia and Mazury) which have been incorporated by judgments into the Poland. Ethnic definitions of things are connected with the manufacture technique, ways of using and symbolic meaning. On the border, where met together - different cultural codes, interethnic discourse often became the great dramatic. Relation to identify things in cultural mechanism was described by confrontation with such as dimensions: epistemological, aesthetical, linguistic. As the result, things (objects) of everyday life could be a silence evidence of foreignness existence for arrivals, but also it made adaptation possible. Moreover, sign of difference connected with 'old and new' spaces is a description in literature which set out-of the culture material. Pulled from the various cultural agendas things (cultural goods) are heterogeneous mosaic of borderline - where borderland as translation category - defines battered biography and disturbed identity. As author has convinced, presence of everyday life objects, which are presented in the literary texts may be used to recognize character's identify, but also in alternation way can be oriented to ethnos exceeded.
4
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TV NARRATIVE IN ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDIES

100%
Etnografia Polska
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2006
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vol. 50
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issue 1-2
117-132
EN
Television wields an enormous influence on the socio-cultural space where contemporary people function all their lives. Multitude of information reaching the recipients through that most important medium of nowadays is classified in the framework of particular genres whose content is included in the form of TV narrative. TV narrative is not identical with any other narrative style. Its specificity (determined by audio-visual character, commercialization as well as promoting particular ideologies) lies in the fact that it reaches for known, well-tried narrative schemes. Series are the most popular media products. Storylines of most of them show characters undergoing internal transformations by the simultaneous occurrence of various threads. Division into installments determine such literary devices as flashback into former events, elaborate dialogues or minimalization of suspense. The characters represent stereotypical models, embodying either good or evil. Melodramatic schemes are preferred, those telling about unhappy love. Appealing to the viewers' emotions have strong effect on them. The audience often identifies with the heroes who, though fictitious, become idols. Analysis of television narrative together with the anthropological research of audience may become a source of valuable information about changing contemporary culture.
EN
The myth of Bon cosmogony is often narrated in various religious texts and thus these versions are not necessarily similar. In this paper the author would like to present the myth based on the 'Srid-pa'i mdzod-phug'. The myth of Bon cosmogony does not only concern the description of the nature of the universe, but at the same time it also explains the evolution of sentient beings. The author would like to point out the main concepts of Bon cosmogony, such as elements, existence and sky and how they are related to each other and to Tibetan and Zhang-Zhung beliefs in general.
Etnografia Polska
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2007
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vol. 51
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issue 1-2
171-192
EN
This article presents materials collected in two Moldavian villages in 2002-2003. Its main theme is the emergence of civil society and the perception of local government. The author argues that nowadays peoples' attitude toward the local government is basically the same as it was in the USSR. There are however changes in the system of values, which combines the old kolkhoz relations with new social and economic conditions. The author provides the reader with a brief theoretical sketch on the genesis and evolution of the concept of civil society. In order to show similarity between various countries, he compares the situation in Moldavia to that in Poland. This way, with the use of literature, he shows main tendencies in the political culture of Central and Eastern Europe.
EN
The imaginary crime of ritual murder is committed in an imaginary place, for imaginary purposes and in an imaginary manner. Each consecutive epoch superimposed on it a network of its own representations of the order of the world and the essence of Jewish menace. The imaginary topographic space of ritual murder projected the social space in which Jews functioned. In 18th century, the threat was referred to Jewish tavern or inn and it was therein that the collective imagination tended to situate the place of crime. In most of the alleged cases of ritual murder in the latter half of 18th and the early 19th century, Jewish innkeepers were accused of crimes having taken place in their inns. Those accusations penetrated into literature as well. It was in an inn that the alleged ritual murder is situated in Feliks Bernatowicz's historical novel 'Nalecz'. This image corresponds very well with the one created by 19th-century Polish literature which emphasised the dark side of inn/tavern operations - as the place where peasants were induced to drink and illegal dealings handled.
Kultura i Społeczeństwo
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2005
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vol. 49
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issue 4
107-128
EN
Ariane Mnouchkine, in preparing a series of Shakespearan productions at the Théâtre du Soleil in the early 1980's (Richard II, Twelfth Night and Henry IV), used traditional theatrical forms from Japanese Noh, Kabuki and Bunraku; Indian Kathakali and Bharata-natyam, Balinese Topeng and Beijing Opera. The Shakespearan series, an example of transcultural experimentation, represented a breakthrough for the group from Cartoucherie, and was the director's first decisive step towards searching for her own sources. Asian theatrical forms that served above all as inspirations and 'traces of imagination', not just as models to be copied, 'refresh'Shakespeare's works and allow us to take a step back from them, as well as express the universal dimension of his dramaturgy. Mnouchkine used the traditional methods of the Asian theatre also as a means of amplifying Western stage conventions, thus creating the opportunity to pose new questions about the tasks that stand before theatre as an art form.
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ON FOLK THEODICY (O teodycei ludowej)

100%
Etnografia Polska
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2009
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vol. 53
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issue 1-2
175-186
EN
The article focuses on the issue of explanations of everyday misfortunes by members of a local community. Its goal is to show that a final result of such explanations is creation of complex philosophical system strongly dependent on the idea of God. The author describes process, in which his interlocutors 'justify' their misfortunes and sufferings. In that way they construct a local theodicy - a wide system of meanings and explanations that makes all unexpected situations valid in a broader religious context. Results of author's research show that, above all, using paradigm of local theodicy helps his interlocutors defend God from accusations of being unjust. Such attitude serves them to build a kind of epistemological structure in which great and good God can exist simultaneously with violence, suffering and pain which are, in consequence, seen as a part of different order. What is wrong and bad thus, must have some kind of sense even if one cannot understand it himself. Without constructing this local form of theodicy, the interlocutors could not share Christian values and be a part of a community based on these values. Conducted research has shown that some aspects of author's interlocutors' lives, would be very difficult to explain without a concept of local theodicy and if this idea did not exist, their faith would be seriously challenged.
EN
Humanities have recently become increasingly interested in the issue of frontiers and borderlands. There is even a new subdiscipline, which ethnologists and anthropologists call 'anthropology of borderness' and sociologists - 'sociology of borderlands'. It investigates relations between communities living at various borderlands (national, ethnic, cultural or regional), factors influencing the character of those relations and their consequences. Borderlands can be investigated from different perspectives, including geographical, historical, political, ethnographic, social, economic and cultural ones. They are also perceived as providing environment for the emergence of new people and new cultures. Some researchers claim that the man of borderland shares the culture and tradition of two or more communities. He functions in several cultural spheres and is to some extent rooted in each. He is aware of the cultural identity of various groups ('us' and 'others') but he is not interested in cultural isolation. He treats 'otherness' and 'difference' as positive phenomena fostering integration and development and he is not prone to stereotypical thinking. The authoress argues that such an image of the man of borderland can only be considered an idealized model. People who actually live at borderland territories or experience borderland situations rarely fulfill the above-mentioned criteria. They are men of borderland only because of their place of residence, not because of their attitudes. They live in a world where various cultures meet, they make various choices, but they do not necessarily adapt to 'other' patterns of behaviour. Neither are they free from stereotypical thinking, concerning both 'others' and 'us'. Many people do not accept multicultural reality and express that through their behaviour, which is often aggressive. One of possible methods to research cultural borderlands and the man of borderland is to analyze various biographical materials. The authoress quotes examples of such an approach, asking how living in a borderland or experiencing a borderland situation influences human attitudes and shapes particular features of character. She means to initiate an interdisciplinary discussion of cultural borderlands and men of borderland. The topics might include sources and methods of research used in various disciplines, factors influencing relations between neighbouring groups, possibilities of making choices, the impact of living in a borderland on the fate of communities and individuals, people's attitudes to their own group of reference and actions undertaken to preserve its cultural limits (which is a method to oppose assimilation). Another important issue is the problem of changes in borderlands and the ways in which they are experienced by men of borderland.
EN
The essay stands in the constant dialogue with the most famous Iwaszkiewiecz's masterpiece called 'Gardens'. Author of this intriguing anthology wrote a story, in which he turned back into the childhood times. On the one hand, it is possible to read that as a trial of resume focus on his life, but on the other hand it is also to see this as nostalgic retrospective of his most important places and episodes, which are connected with him and with his childhood period. Author of the essay says - wish to say, that aged writer has backed home, but it is not true, because it is not possible to use this phrase about this writer. She confirms - Iwaszkiewicz's journey not leads only into the childhood land, where are solid walls of family homestead, on the contrary - home seems to be omitted or on the second plan. Memories relate mainly to gardens, where sets the action. The garden space has became a safety zone; it is a shelter, which allows dream. Describing story, Iwaszkiewicz, who lives in the garden after all he makes 'garden' a true home-place - place, which is fenced and in which he has grown, and from this place he went to the world. Author has convinced, 'Gardens' are story about fight between culture and nature. It relates with breaking down stereotypes, which are connected with the childhood myth, family tradition of hearth. Moreover, when appears here depreciation of house, it concerns on specifics, which is a manor house located on both - garden childhood (eastern) and this as well as in the central Poland (Byszewy). The exit from the manor house into the garden constitutes the beginning of changes which will bring modernity period. This is relation which is connected with inevitable transition which runs till he will adopt new environment. The garden absorbs attention, creates opportunity of escape, at the same time does not have any borders which means, that is related to a risk. The vision presented by Iwaszkiewicz is undoubtedly impressionistic, but glimmer. Features of homestead gains the garden and this idea seems to be carried out in the consistently way.
EN
The Essay 'Stockholm's experience: making room for rooting' institutes a wide aspect concern about issue connected with metropolitan city experience, hospitality and rooting. The Author confirms, that Stockholm is a unique metropolitan city founded on upturned order, where aspects of city corporeality turns into a great machinery, full of conscious mechanisms. From the first volume she tried to describe Stockholm using only one word, and at the beginning it was 'reserved', but later she found others as 'well organized' or 'distinct'. The Rareness of this city shows that each word is like mirror, which makes an accurate perspective of whole city structure. Author confirms, that using these words it is possible to make a view about this great Scandinavian metropolitan city. The Second these shows that also using this words, it is possible to make a reflection about rooting and hospitality on three separated areas: cultural, urban, political. So far, meditation has considered on the people, who live in Stockholm. Author has convinced, that Stockholm citizen's attitude is favorable, when we talk about rooting or domestication. Stockholm's people way of life has seduced and magnetized into the city in very strongly sense. As the final result Stockholm experience making an impression for tourist or stranger, that this metropolitan has a one rule - each citizen presents these, that city is a state of mind and Stockholm also is the state of strangers' mind. This specific construction attracts strangers, tourists seduces and builds a vision - the metropolitan city which has its own order, which is located in English phrase - the city of whole consuming thought. Author describes Stockholm experience using word 'absorbing', this is a key word, which explains possibility of rooting and hospitality in this metropolitan city. Stockholm makes a place, which has not making strangers home-sickness, even nostalgic. On the contrary - citizen has made a space and room for better life and better place to live, but this is possible only through research which are connected with the rooting aspect. After one day of visiting Stockholm, author marks feelings, which are connected with this experience and gives such as these, that beyond facts such as that Stockholm is not her born place, her own place or place connected with her life start opportunity. It does not matter, because she thinks about this city as her home. Author confirms, that she is not a Swedish, but she percepts Stockholm as a place of her way back.
Lud
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2008
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vol. 92
13-26
EN
The articles describes verbal recollections of Sibiraks, people deported between 1940-1941 to different regions of the Soviet Union (mainly Siberia and Kazakhstan). All these recollections were gathered between 2002-2005 in the course of interviews with representatives of the deportees, who live in Lódz and nearby. The article discusses the differences between verbal and written accounts of Sibiraks' experiences and their value in ethnological and anthropological studies. The community dimension of the narratives as well as characteristic features of memory recorded in them have also been presented. It is described as an intermediate form between stricte autobiographic memory and 'postmemory'. In conclusion the authoress hints at some interpretations, which could be used in future ethnological and anthropological exploration of the 'Polish Siberia' and the Siberian experiences.
EN
This text presents the process of resemanticising on stage the original meanings attributed to specific hand movements used in classical Indian theatre. The basis for this discussion are chapters from 'Bharata Muni's Natyashastra' that related to the systematization of specific hand gestures and the link between the language of gestures and the aesthetic concept of theatre - the theory of 'taste' (rasa). The discussion concentrates on demonstrating a direct relationship between the meaning of gestures, dramatic space, an actor's body, his facial expressions and gestures and the process of resemanticization. In the conclusion, the process of dramatic resemanticisation is presented as the creation of systems of arbitrary signs (presented content and gestural signs) or combinations of symbols (presented content and arbitrary gestural signs) with signs (the emotional context of the presented content, i.e., the actor's facial expression and gestures).
EN
This article presents and discusses descriptions and assessments of Ukrainians, known before also as Ruthenians, Malorosiyans (Little Russians) or Malorusiyans (Little Ruthenians), and their culture, included in Polish ethnological and anthropological literature in 19th and the beginning of 20th century. Analyzing the articles and books of that period the author focuses not only on ethnographic details but also tries to re-sketch what and how their authors were thinking and evaluating Ukrainian people and culture. He presents the whole scope of attitudes towards Ukrainians from confrontation to these aimed at understanding, cultural dialogue and reconciliation. The author is especially interested in Polish-Ukrainian cultural exchange and Polish researchers' attitudes to the process of Ukrainian national building. He analyzes works and writings of people such as Ignacy Lubicz-Czerwinski, Zorian Dolega-Chodakowski, Franciszek Ksawery Gizycki, Józef Sekowski, Waclaw Zaleski, Antoni Marcinkowski, Bernard Kalicki, Ksawery Branicki, Jan Herburt- Heybowicz, Jan Baudouin de Courtenay and Adam Fischer. This article was written in the course of author's research on Polish works focusing on Ukrainian culture and their contribution to Polish and Ukrainian ethnology and, in general sense, the contribution to the culture of both nations and their mutual relations.
EN
The existing model for the role of father is gradually being redefined. Examples in mass culture, the media and the internet which illustrate the way in which that role functions have been confronted with the expectations of women shown in the results of surveys. The background to the presentation of fathers' committment in their role are the results of surveys which show the actual involvement of Polish men in parenthood. the article also attempts to define the psycho-social determining factors for the appearance of a new model of fatherhood.
EN
This paper opens with the reference to the prehistoric osteological human remains discovered in some Ryukyn islands and found to be the oldest within the whole archipelago. These findings are set against the comparative, mainly Southeast Asian, background. Then, most important hypotheses concerning the alleged, changing in time, distributions and interrelations of the anthropological races on the considered areas are reviewed. In the closing part of the article, its authoress puts forward inferences drawn from the presented data as well as concluding remarks.
Etnografia Polska
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2009
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vol. 53
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issue 1-2
21-45
EN
Researchers of Belorussia point out the existence of the term mixed world in the language of local people. It is quite similar to cultural borderland, but it is also used to descript sudden changes (historical, political and socio-cultural) as well as their consequences. The aim of the authoress is to popularize mentioned term and to show it might be used by anthropologists to describe the examined reality, contemporary as well as past, existing in people's memory. Selected examples from Europe are used to show the possibilities of using the concept of mixed world to describe the multicultural societies, migrations, EU enlargement or - in general - cultural borderlands and their changes. The authoress asks about the factors contributing to the mixed world. She underlines that every researcher using his own examples can present his own image of mixed world. It is a part of reality in which we live or which we reproduce from the past.
EN
The article presents the anthropological description skeletons of the Bell Beaker Culture inhabitants that were discovered on the Site no. 6 in Pelczyska. The preserved fragments of skeletons allow to assess that in the feature 12/2005 there was buried a child whose age at death was infans I (5-6 years old), in the feature 13/2005 a child whose age at death was infans I (about 2 years old) and in the feature 25/2004 - a child whose age death was infans I (about 1 year old). Skulls of these individuals had not yet achieved their final dimensions so it is difficult to compare them with other Neolith and Early Bronze Age populations inhabiting the territory of Poland.
EN
The growing interest in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis is due to its inheritance manner, circular DNA stability, high copy number per cell and mutational rate. These features give possibility to study mtDNA isolated from modern humans as well as from ancient samples. What is more, analysis of mtDNA from present populations enables to conclude about their history. Mitochondrial DNA variation level indicates, if for example, demic expansion structured today genetic composition. Thanks to modern mtDNA analysis migrations direction and other demographic events can be dated back without problematic extraction and analysis of ancient DNA. Not only the existence of well defined, continental specific mtDNA clades was shown, but also group specific lineages were revealed. Molecular methods enabled discrimination between related mtDNAs and detailed phylogenetic tree of female lineages was drawn. Analysis of mtDNA supported a hypothesis about modern Homo sapiens origin in Africa, and led light on migratory routes in Asia, Europe and the Americas.
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