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1
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Prokuratura Europejska - czy stanie się faktem?

100%
Grzelak A.
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace
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2015
|
issue 4
77-101
PL
The idea of the European Public Prosecutor dates from the 1990 s. Since then, the work on the creation of the foundations of the European Penal Code is associated with the necessity to strengthen the protection of the financial interests of the European Union, in particular the need to combat offences against those interests. Initially the Code seemed to be a purely theoretical concept that cannot be implemented into the EU legislative action because of the existing rules of conferral of powers and the lack of a legal basis for the establishment of such an office. However, with the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon the situation has changed, particularly with the addition of the Article 86 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). As a result, the European Commission presented in July 2013 a draft regulation which should serve as a basis for establishment of the European Prosecutor Office [COM(2013) 534 final]. The aim of this paper is to present and briefly analyse major provisions of the proposed regulation, as well as objections submitted by national parliaments and doctrine, and finally the prospects of further work on the project. The discussion has not been yet completed because the draft has not been formally adopted yet and probably in the proposed form will not be accepted by all Member States, which will result in the implementation of the enhanced cooperation procedure.
2

Romana Jaworskiego „wjeżdżanie w miasto”. Urbanizm opowiadań

100%
Grzelak A.
Pamiętnik Literacki
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2014
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vol. 105
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issue 3
23-55
EN
he article discusses the semantics of the motif of the city in Roman Jaworski’s short stories collected in the volume “Historie maniaków” (“The Stories of Maniacs”). Creation of the motif allows to identify the hero of the prose (an individualist, a kind of maniac) and the antihero (the crowd) who are in a constant struggle. The city is portrayed with expressions describing non-aesthetic visual and acoustic effects, and thus becomes a figure of modern civilization which threatens the individualist. The individualist, to continue, dreaming and taking advantage of various fighting strategies, raises a rebellion. His projects concerning the expansive nature of the urban agglomeration are doomed to failure. It is only fanciful creation that decides about a kind of victory of an individual, helpless against the pressure of mass culture. Jaworski presents the process which Georg Simmel calls “tragedy of culture,” and he is interested in one of its phases, namely a prolonged moment of antagonistic civilization product turning against the producer. In such antagonistic persistence Jaworski sees the nature of modernity to which the maniac, opposing it, is doomed.
3
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Opinia na temat trybu ratyfikacji traktatu dotyczącego przystąpienia Republiki Chorwacji do Unii Europejskiej

100%
Grzelak A.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
|
2012
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issue 3(35)
92-104
EN
The provisions of the Constitution concerning the procedure for granting consent to ratification of international agreements do not give a definite answer to the question whether the Treaty of accession of Croatia to the European Union should require prior consent granted by statute according to Article 89 para 1 of the Constitution or whether Article 90 of the Constitution should be applied. The author examines the arguments for and against both possibilities and finds the latter more convincing.
4
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Opinia na temat trybu ratyfikacji Protokołu w sprawie obaw narodu irlandzkiego co do traktatu z Lizbony, sporządzonego w Brukseli 13 czerwca 2012 r.

100%
Grzelak A.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
|
2013
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issue 2(38)
140-144
EN
The opinion provides an assessment of the correctness of the choice by the Council of Ministers of the procedure for ratification of the Protocol on the concerns of the Irish people on the Treaty of Lisbon, done at Brussels on 13 June 2012 (the so-called Irish Protocol). As a consequence of the Irish Parliament’s expectations relating to the protection of certain values and interests, which are of vital importance for Ireland and constitute a condition sine qua non of the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon, the development of the above mentioned Protocol and ratification thereof by all EU member states has proved to be necessary. The author claims that there are no grounds for the application of the procedure specified in Article 90 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, instead of the procedure referred to in Article 89 (1) of the Constitution (i.e. with prior consent granted in statute).
5
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Projekt reformy ochrony danych osobowych - czy rzeczywiście powstanie jednolity i spójny system?

100%
Grzelak A.
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace
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2014
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issue 4
93-125
PL
In January 2014 two years passed since the European Commission presented a package of reforms of the system of personal data protection in the EU. Com‑ mission proposed to create, in its opinion, a uniform and consistent system across the EU. The idea of the paper is to answer the question whether the Commission’s proposal to adopt two separate acts (one as a general system, and the second for cooperation in criminal matters and police), should meet the proposed assumptions. In order to analyze that, first the treaty background is presented, then current legal status in the field of personal data in the EU, and finally a comparative analysis of the solutions of the two drafts. The analysis leads to the conclusion that there are serious concerns about the lack of consistency.
6
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Opinia prawna na temat możliwości zawarcia umowy o unikaniu podwójnego opodatkowania między Rzecząpospolitą Polską a Tajwanem

100%
Grzelak A.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
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2015
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issue 3(47)
104-113
EN
According to the view expressed in the opinion, currently Taiwan cannot be a party to an international agreement within the meaning of the existing Act on International Agreements of 2002. The conclusion of an agreement between the trade offices of both parties, which would be of private-law character, and which then would have influence on tax regulations in Poland and Taiwan, would have to result in changes in domestic statutory legislation. It is the only acceptable solution.
7
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Opinia prawna dotycząca sposobu procedowania nad poselskim projektem ustawy o zmianie ustawy o bezpieczeństwie żywności i żywienia w związku z procedurą notyfikacyjną

100%
Grzelak A.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
|
2013
|
issue 3(39)
230-235
EN
The opinion deals with legal obligations related to communication of Deputy’s bills containing technical standards and which is subject to the requirements specified in Article 8 of the Directive 98/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations and of rules on Information Society services. In the discussed case, the Deputy’s bill to amend the Act on Safety of Food and Nutrition (Sejm Paper No. 1127) has been communicated to the European Commission (No. 2012/0637/PL). The author presents the obligations specified in the Directive 98/34/EC and those provided for in the national procedures. Poland has to take into account, as far as possible, the comments made to a draft by the Commission and the Member States. As concerns the comments made by the United Kingdom, Slovakia and Italy, is also necessary to submit a report to the Commission specifying the actions that Poland proposes to take as a result of the receipt of such opinion.
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Fundamental rights protection in the context of mass surveillance in the European Union

100%
Grzelak A.
Przegląd Prawa i Administracji
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2016
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vol. 107
129-143
PL
Artykuł dotyczy kwestii problematyki „masowej inwigilacji” i potencjalnego naruszenia praw podstawowych przez programy wprowadzające tę praktykę. W artykule wyjaśnia się wstępnie samo pojęcie, a także odróżnia je od inwigilacji skierowanej wobec konkretnej osoby w związku z prowadzonym postępowaniem. Celem artykułu jest zarysowanie problemu relacji między obowiązkiem państw związanym z kwestią zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa narodowego a koniecznością ochrony praw podstawowych. Podkreśla się, że powoływanie się na względy ochrony bezpieczeństwa narodowego nie w każdym przypadku mogą uzasadniać ingerencję w prawa jednostki, a także że nie oznacza to możliwości niestosowania zasad wynikających z prawa Unii Europejskiej czy dorobku prawnego Rady Europy. Podstawowym prawem, o którym mowa w artykule, jest prawo do prywatności, ale wskazane są również inne prawa, mogące być potencjalnie naruszane przez programy masowej inwigilacji.
9
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Europejskie organy ochrony danych osobowych – reforma systemu i nowe wyzwania

100%
Grzelak A.
Studia z Polityki Publicznej
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2014
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vol. 1
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issue 4(4)
87-107
EN
The article discusses the problem of the reform of the system of the protection of personal data in the context of changes, new tasks and challenges faced by the European data protection authorities, in particular the European Data Protection Supervisor, Article 29 Working Group or the national supervisory authorities. The proposals of regulations and directives submitted in recent years by the European Commission related to data protection in general, as well as the specific rules governing the functioning of the EU agencies involved in the fight against crime clearly show that the proposed changes are intended to increase the role of these bodies at both the E. U. and the national level by ensuring a more effective implementation of the new rules. The planned strengthening of the relationship between the national authorities as well as the coordination of their activities also aims to meet this objective.
PL
W artykule podjęto problem reformy systemu ochrony danych osobowych w kontekście zmian, nowych zadań i wyzwań stojących przed europejskimi organami ochrony danych, w szczególności Europejskim Inspektorem Ochrony Danych, Grupą roboczą art. 29 czy też krajowymi organami nadzorczymi. Przedłożone w ostatnich latach przez Komisję Europejską projekty aktów ogólnych odnoszących się do omawianych zagadnień, jak i szczególnych, regulujących funkcjonowanie agencji UE zajmujących się walką z przestępczością, wyraźnie pokazują, że zaproponowane zmiany mają służyć zwiększeniu roli tych organów zarówno w wymiarze unijnym, jak i krajowym, poprzez zapewnienie skuteczniejszego egzekwowania nowych przepisów. Temu też służyć ma planowane zacieśnienie współpracy między organami krajowymi i koordynacja ich działań.
10
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Opinia prawna w sprawie ratyfikacji umowy między państwami członkowskimi Unii Europejskiej, zebranymi w Radzie, w sprawie ochrony informacji niejawnych wymienianych w interesie Unii Europejskiej

100%
Grzelak A.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
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2013
|
issue 2(38)
118-130
EN
The opinion deals with the procedure for ratification of the title agreement and the Council of Ministers’ position that the ratification of the Agreement does not require prior consent granted in a statute. The author provides an analysis of the legal character of the Agreement and assesses the procedure proposed for its ratification. She examines whether any conditions specified in Article 89 (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland (which would justify its ratification with prior consent granted in a statute) are satisfied. The author concludes that the ratification procedure specified in Article 89 (2) of the Constitution, as proposed by the Council of Ministers, is appropriate.
11
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Opinia prawna na temat zgodności z prawem Unii Europejskiej niemieckiej ustawy o płacy minimalnej (MiLoG) w zakresie dotyczącym usług transportowych

100%
Grzelak A.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
|
2015
|
issue 2(46)
125-132
EN
The opinion provides an analysis of the compatibility of the Act on the Minimum Wage (MiLoG), based on which the obligation to pay minimum wage applies to all employees, irrespective of the Member State in which the registered office of the employer is located, with the provisions of primary and secondary law of the European Union in terms of internal market freedoms and, in particular, the provision of services and posting of workers. Referring to the European legislation, the author points out two main issues: the Act on the Minimum Wage seems to be in conformity with EU law in so far as it concerns posted workers. Based on the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union in similar cases, she expresses an opinion that these provisions may be inconsistent with the regulations on the free movement of services in relation those who are not covered by the EU definition of a posted worker.
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Nowe zagrożenie zawodowe i środowiskowe – nanoplastik

63%
Rakowski M., Grzelak A.
Medycyna Pracy
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2020
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vol. 71
|
issue 6
743-756
EN
Problems arising from the accumulation of plastic waste in the environment have become global. Appeals to stop the usage of disposable drinking straws or plastic cutlery did not come out without reason – 320 million tons of plastic products are produced annually, of which 40% are disposable items. More and more countries and private enterprises are giving up these types of items in favor of their biodegradable substitutes, e.g., cardboard drinking straws. Plastic waste in the environment is subject to a number of physicochemical interactions and biodegradation in which bacteria are involved. By using synthetic waste, they reduce the size of plastic garbage while increasing its dispersion in the environment. Small plastic particles, invisible to the naked eye, are called nanoplastic. Nanoplastic is not inert to living organisms. Due to its size, it is taken up with food by animals and passed on in the trophic chain. The ability to penetrate the body’s barriers through nanoplastic leads to the induction of biological effects with various outcomes. Research studies on the interaction of nanoplastic with living organisms are carried out in many laboratories; however, their number is still a drop in the ocean of the data needed to draw clear-cut conclusions about the impact of nanoplastic on living organisms. There is also no data on the direct exposure to nanoplastic contamination at workplaces, schools and public utilities, standards describing the acceptable concentration of nanoplastic in food products and drinking water, and in vitro tests on nanoparticles other than polystyrene nanoparticles. Complementing the existing data will allow assessing the risks arising from the exposure of organisms to nanoplastic. Med Pr. 2020;71(6):743–56
PL
Problemy wynikające z gromadzenia się w środowisku plastikowych odpadów stały się globalne. Apele o zaprzestanie wykorzystywania jednorazowych słomek do napojów czy plastikowych sztućców nie pojawiły się bez powodu – rocznie produkuje się 320 mln ton wyrobów plastikowych, z których 40% to przedmioty jednorazowego użytku. Coraz więcej państw i prywatnych przedsiębiorstw rezygnuje z przedmiotów plastikowych na rzecz ich biodegradowalnych zamienników, np. tekturowych słomek do napojów. W środowisku plastikowe odpady podlegają wielu oddziaływaniom fizykochemicznym oraz biodegradacji, w której biorą udział bakterie. Bytując na odpadach syntetycznych, powodują zmniejszenie ich rozmiarów i zwiększają ich dyspersję w środowisku. Małe, niewidoczne gołym okiem cząstki plastiku noszą nazwę nanoplastiku. Nanoplastik nie jest obojętny dla organizmów żywych. Z uwagi na swoje rozmiary jest pobierany wraz z pokarmem przez zwierzęta i przekazywany w łańcuchu troficznym. Zdolność nanoplastiku do przenikania barier organizmu indukuje efekty biologiczne o rozmaitych skutkach. Wiele ośrodków prowadzi badania na temat nanoplastiku, jednak ich wyniki wciąż stanowią ułamek danych potrzebnych do jednoznacznego wnioskowania o jego wpływie na organizmy żywe. Brakuje także danych dotyczących bezpośredniego narażenia na zanieczyszczenie nanoplastikiem w miejscach pracy, szkołach i miejscach użyteczności publicznej, norm opisujących dopuszczalne stężenie nanoplastiku w produktach spożywczych i wodzie pitnej oraz badań in vitro na nanocząstkach innych niż polistyrenu. Uzupełnienie dostępnych danych pozwoli obiektywnie ocenić zagrożenia płynące ze strony ekspozycji organizmów na nanoplastik. Med. Pr. 2020;71(6):743–756
13
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Opinia w sprawie projektu dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady w sprawie zbiorowego zarządzania prawami autorskimi i prawami pokrewnymi oraz udzielania licencji wieloterytorialnych dotyczących praw do utworów muzycznych na potrzeby ich wykorzystania na internetowym polu eksploatacji na rynku wewnętrznym

63%
Bosek L., Grzelak A.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
|
2012
|
issue 4(36)
159-178
EN
In the authors’ view, the proposed directive infringes the principle of subsidiarity and does not deserve support at the Council of European Union. The proposal applies to organizations and relationships of both trans-border and strictly national nature, irrespective of the sector in which the collective societies operate, or whether they are engaged in multi-territorial licensing. According to the authors’ conclusions, the European Commission did not prove that EU Member States, acting independently or cooperating among themselves, cannot achieve the objectives specified in the proposal. An analysis of current Polish legal provisions and their evolution shows that achievement of those objectives is not only possible as a result of measures taken at the national level, but in fact those objectives have been to a considerable degree achieved.
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