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Modele administracji wyborczej — przegląd rozwiązań prawnych w wybranych państwach

100%
Jakubowski P.
Przegląd Sejmowy
|
2014
|
issue 6(125)
75-92
EN
According to the sources most commonly referred to, such as the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance or United Nations Development Programme, Electoral Management Bodies can be basically classified into three models: the governmental model, independent model and mixed model. The selection of a particular model of electoral administration is at the discretion of state authorities, however, there are some universal guidelines that should apply to all electoral bodies. The Independent Model of electoral management is very often used in new or emerging democracies, which is obviously dictated by the lack of trust in the previous authoritarian or totalitarian regimes. Countries with stable democracy, such as West European countries and the United States, have no similar experiences, so their electoral administrations are based on the government model or mixed model. The article presents electoral management bodies in eight countries, representing different continents and various political regimes, e.g. Iran, Brazil, Republic of South Africa, New Zealand and Spain. Each electoral authority has to effectively perform the assignment task, that is why their independence must be guaranteed irrespective of their organizational or financial, circumstances and, even, of the method of selecting their members.
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Kampania wyborcza do Parlamentu Europejskiego w 2014 roku w Polsce– analiza strategii i taktyk wyborczych

100%
Jakubowski P.
Prawo i Polityka
|
2016
|
issue 7
7-29
EN
The article presents the electoral strategies adopted by political parties, which formed the foundation the foundation for the party rivalry during the campaign for the European Parliament in Poland in 2014. Although the EP elections are not popular among the voters, their result was important for the future political competition. First of all, the election results showed the weakness of the political projects that have arisen as a result of a split from Civic Platform and Law and Justice parties and fragmentation on the left hand side of the political scene. On on the other hand, the unexpected “black horse” of the election was the far-right formation founded by Janusz Korwin-Mikke. This unquestionable success was caused by the rise of anti-European movements, voters’ apathy and support for anti-establishment initiatives by young voters.
3
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MECHANICZNE METODY OCZYSZCZANIA MALOWIDEŁ ŚCIENNYCH

100%
Jakubowski P.
Ochrona Zabytków
|
2003
|
issue 1-2
89-93
EN
The article discusses methods of mechanical cleansing applied in the conservation of murals. The first of the presented methods – dusting, consists of the removal of dust particles by delicately rubbing the surface of the painting with feathers, brushes, paintbrushes, etc. The second involves breaking off build-up by splitting the layers with the help of a scalpel or a cobbler’s knife. The third method – rubbing – involves cutting away across numerous edges of the build-up. The final method of stratification/ peeling extracts layers by using substances with considerable shrinkage. The author explains in detail the properties of the particular methods and the conditions which must be met in order to apply them.
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