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EN
The COVID-19 strongly affected the states all over the world in several aspects, Spain, being an inglorious leader in terms of the number of infections in Europe, was highly afflicted by the coronavirus and further consequences. After problems with forming the government, which was caused by substantial political polarization, a new incumbent coalition needed to face new challenges, which was strictly connected with managing the coronavirus crisis. The article’s main aim is to present how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the political situation in Spain by analyzing the relations between the ruling government and the parliamentary opposition.
EN
The rise of number of the actors of international relations and the subjective evolution of diplomacy caused development of external actions of sub-state actors. Several units, both in unitary and federal states, have in their competences the ability to provide actions, which could be classified as paradiplomacy. The aim of the article is to analyze sub-state diplomacy with the case study. The issue of defining actions taken abroad will be discussed. In order to illustrate the phenomenon, intensive external activity of one of the Spanish Autonomous Community – Catalonia will be presented. The case is particularly interesting, because of the wide range of competences and, consequently, the far-reaching institutionalization of the Catalan paradiplomacy and the usage of several instruments.
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