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XIX. Chopins Fortepiano

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PL
Przekład wiersza Fortepian Chopina Cypriana Norwida.
EN
Translation of the poem Chopin's Piano by Cyprian Norwid.
PL
Schulz was particularly predisposed to intertextuality, since his hometown was genuinely multilingual, with Polish and Yiddish as dominants. German, as the official language of the Austro-Hungarian administration and that of Lessing, Moses Mendelssohn, Goethe, Schiller, and Heine, was especially attractive to the educated Eastern European Jews, which applied also to Schulz’s mother who taught him Goethe’s ballad, “The Erlking.” On the other hand, such centers of modernism as Vienna, Lviv, Cracow, and Warsaw, which affected the young Schulz in his student years, were also francophilic so that the works of Flaubert, Baudelaire, Zola, Proust, Huysmans, Claudel, and Gide, as well as the philosophical writings of Bergson, must have influenced him, too.
EN
For a long time, Norwid seemed to be more a European than a Polish poet, and the spe-cific nature of his link to Polish traditions remained an open question. Norwid’s “outlandish” and complicated long poem Quidam (1857/1863) explicitly answers to Krasiński’s epic drama Irydion (1836), as did earlier Słowacki in his tragedies Balladyna (1839) and Lilla Weneda (1840). Both Słowacki and Norwid addressed their forewords to Krasiński. Słowacki reacts to Krasiński by refining his treatment of genre, verse and style and by sharpening his Romantic tragic horror and irony. Quidam beats Irydion by a more convincing portrait of An-cient Rome, by less pathetic and more intelligent hints to 19th Century modernity, and by overcoming with superior ease both Romanticism and realism in genre and time treatment. Quidam’s modest and sober main character contains also a secretly critical answer to Słowacki’s likewise overwhelming and unbearably fantastic epic Król-Duch (1847).
EN
The author discusses a number of landscape poems, written by C. Miłosz in different periods of his life, and compares them with selected works of the Suabian F. Hölderlin and of the Tilsit poet J. Bobrowski. Each of them returns frequently to the landscape of his childhood, lost not only by the wars (Miłosz and Bobrowski), but also by existential alienation (Hölderlin). Each of them sees in it a symbol of the heavenly homeland. All three are in an opposition to the conventional versification systems of their times and their national literatures, but Miłosz and Bobrowski are moreover linked by their common longing for their native Neman regions. Miłosz’s war time poetry on the Mazovian plains shows some striking parallels with Bobrowski’s „Sarmatian” poetry stemming from his experiences of the same period. Miłosz’s treatment of European and notably American landscapes leads to a creation of mixed, American-Lithuanian or giant panoramic landscapes bearing distinctly mythic and metaphysical accents, which can be found, in a different set up, also in the other poets. These parallels and ‘common situations’ are not due to some explicit dialogue between them, but to a common Biblical, antique and postmedieval tradition, and also to a highly difficult, but nevertheless geographically close neighbourhood. 
PL
Autor omawia szereg wierszy krajobrazowych Cz. Miłosza z różnych okresów jego twórczości, porównując je z wybranymi utworami wirtemberczyka, F. Hölderlina oraz tylżyckiego poety J. Bobrowskiego. Każdy z nich stale wraca w poezji do krajobrazu dzieciństwa, utraconego nie tylko za sprawą wojny (Miłosz i Bobrowski), ale też przez egzystencjalne wyobcowanie (Hölderlin) i który przyświeca im jako znak ojczyzny niebiańskiej. Hölderlina, Miłosza i Bobrowskiego łączy wspólna opozycja do konwencji wierszowania ich epok i ich literatur ojczystych, a dwu ostatnich ponadto wspólna tęsknota do stron nadniemieńskich. Wojenna poezja Miłosza o równinach mazowieckich dziwnie współbrzmi z „sarmacką” poezją Bobrowskiego, wyrosłą z doświadczeń tego samego okresu. Opisywanie europejskich, a szczególnie amerykańskich krajobrazów przeobraża się u Miłosza w tworzenie krajobrazów mieszanych, amerykańsko-litewskich albo gigantycznie panoramicznych o dobitnych akcentach mitycznych i metafizycznych, które w innych wcieleniach odnaleźć można także u dwu pozostałych poetów. Te paralele i „wspólne miejsca” zawdzięczamy nie tylko eksplicytnym nawiązaniom jednych do drugich, ale również wspólnej tradycji biblijnej, antycznej i pośredniowiecznej oraz wysoce trudnemu, a jednak bliskiemu geograficznie, sąsiedztwu.
PL
The action of Quidam is set in Hadrian's Rome. Public and private hysteria rises due to the Jewish war 132-135 p. Chr., but also to a conflict between Hadrian's religion policy and its Greek, Jewish and Christian opponents. The Jewish uprising is confronted to Greek non opposition and to the Christian way of opposition by public faithwitnesses. It is raised to the role of a `motor' in a ruined epic machine, and hints to modern Polish (or other nations') uprisings. Barchob (Bar-Kokhba?) is shown as a Roman Jew's disciple, secret admirer of Christian courage, friend of Alexander, the poem's main person; as a messianic fighter in Judea; and finally as an advocate of interreligious solidarity. Quidam is a „przy-powieść”, a „para-novel” with a ruined narrative time and action structure, and a „parable” which answers strangely to Chateaubriand's demand for Christianity epics, forming an allegory also of modern civilisation, police state, public opinion, modern conflictual cultural and religious pluralism, modern individualism, scepticism and altruism.
EN
The action of Quidam is set in Hadrian's Rome. Public and private hysteria rises due to the Jewish war 132-135 p. Chr., but also to a conflict between Hadrian's religion policy and its Greek, Jewish and Christian opponents. The Jewish uprising is confronted to Greek non opposition and to the Christian way of opposition by public faithwitnesses. It is raised to the role of a `motor' in a ruined epic machine, and hints to modern Polish (or other nations') uprisings. Barchob (Bar-Kokhba?) is shown as a Roman Jew's disciple, secret admirer of Christian courage, friend of Alexander, the poem's main person; as a messianic fighter in Judea; and finally as an advocate of interreligious solidarity. Quidam is a „przy-powieść”, a „para-novel” with a ruined narrative time and action structure, and a „parable” which answers strangely to Chateaubriand's demand for Christianity epics, forming an allegory also of modern civilisation, police state, public opinion, modern conflictual cultural and religious pluralism, modern individualism, scepticism and altruism.
Roczniki Kulturoznawcze
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2014
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vol. 5
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issue 3
89-109
EN
The article is a preprint of a chapter of the book of the author on Cyprian Norwid’s Quidam (1863). Quidam is a narrative rhyming verse (poem), whose action is located in the Rome of the Emperor Hadrian, during the Jewish revolt of Bar-Kochba (132-135 AD). This action, presented in an unconventional way, is equipped with allegorical and typological features, still pointing indirectly, but clearly, on the nineteenth-century Europe and Poland. It contains clear allusions to the European structures of the police state, multi-ethnic mass societies, religious crises, uprisings, military conflicts, jovial and neurotic despots. The Rome of the second century, and along with it, the nineteenth-century Europe and Poland are characterized as endangered by a deeply hidden crisis at all levels of society, which manifests itself concretely also in intimate private life. The poet brings the crisis to a secret metaphysical turn in the history of the world, which takes place gradually since the descent of Christ on earth, but not ends in the nineteenth century. To the topic of the crisis in the poem corresponds the critical state of means and methods for the literary presentation of the world in crisis. The article analyzes the remarkable development of time and narrative material in Quidam. The poem contains elements adequate for several different short stories or a larger historical novel, or a Christian and humanistic parabolic epic. Different event topics are presented in this material, but these topics are split up, and their pieces are strangely intermingled with each other. Therefore, it is not surprising that the chronology of the poem has the characteristics of damage: in the face of the timeless eternity of God and His plan of salvation for mankind, human historic time must be defective for both the second and the nineteenth century. In this way, any conventional narrative hierarchy disappears, and instead, paradoxical parallels and contrasts between individuals, situations and eras emerge. Nothing and no one is here forever secondary or unimportant. Ultimately, not just the son of Alexander of Epirus, the central figure of the poem, but all men of the poem appear to be in varying degrees unconscious carriers of the truth of Christ. However, this fact does not ennoble them too, nor make them happy.
PL
Artykuł jest preprintem jednego z rozdziałów książki autora na temat Quidama Cypriana Norwida (1863). Quidam to wierszowany utwór narracyjny (poemat), którego akcja jest umiejscowiona w Rzymie cesarza Hadriana w czasie żydowskiego powstania Bar-Kochby (132-135 n.e.). Akcja ta, podawana w sposób niekonwencjonalny, wyposażona została w cechy alegoryczne i typologiczne, ciągle wskazując też pośrednio a dobitnie na XIX-wieczną Europę i Polskę. Są tam czytelne aluzje do europejskich struktur państwa policyjnego, wieloetnicznych społeczeństw masowych, kryzysów religijnych, powstań, konfliktów wojennych, despotów jowialnych i neurotycznych. Rzym II wieku, a z nim XIX-wieczna Europa i Polska są charakteryzowane jako zagrożone przez głęboko ukryty kryzys na wszystkich szczeblach społeczeństwa, który konkretnie przejawia się też w zakresie intymnego życia prywatnego. Poeta sprowadza ten kryzys do sekretnego metafizycznego zwrotu w historii świata, który dokonuje się stopniowo od momentu zejścia Chrystusa na ziemię, nie dobiegając końca w XIX wieku. Tematowi kryzysu odpowiada w poemacie kryzysowy i krytyczny stan środków i sposobów literackiej prezentacji świata w kryzysie. W artykule analizowane jest niezwykłe opracowanie w Quidamie czasu i materiału narracyjnego. Utwór zawiera elementy na kilka różnych nowel albo na większą powieść historyczną, albo też na paraboliczną epopeję chrześcijańską i humanistyczną. Zarysowują się w tym materiale różne wątki zdarzeniowe, ale wątki te są rozkawałkowane, ich zaś fragmenty są dziwnie z sobą przemieszane. Nie dziwi wówczas, że także chronologia poematu wykazuje cechy uszkodzenia: w obliczu bezczasowej wieczności Boga i Jego planu zbawienia ludzkości ludzki historyczny czas zarówno II, jak i XIX wieku musi mieć kształt ułomny. Znika w ten sposób wszelka konwencjonalna hierarchia narracyjna, a w zamian wyłaniają się paradoksalne paralele i kontrasty między osobami, sytuacjami i epokami. Nic i nikt nie jest tu raz na zawsze wtórny czy nieważny. W końcu wszyscy ludzie poematu, nie tylko syn Aleksandra z Epiru, centralna postać poematu, okazują się w różnym stopniu nieświadomymi nosicielami prawdy Chrystusowej. Fakt ten jednak ani ich zbytnio nie uszlachetnia, ani nie uszczęśliwia.
PL
Finding by Piotr Szalsza two German language stories signed with the name “Bruno Schulz” could not be ignored by the editors of Schulz/Forum. Not yet recovered from the shock caused by the 14th issue, we are again facing a possible revelation. Unlike, however, in the case of the story titled “Undula” of 1922, which leaves no doubt that it is an early work by the author of The Cinnamon Shops, even if he preferred to use a penname, the question of the authorship of the two stories published in the Cetinjer Zeitung in 1917 and 1918 seems much more complicated. Perhaps without more research in the archives its resolution will be impossible. We asked four Schulz scholars for their opinions about the texts: Stefan Chwin, Włodzimierz Bolecki, Jerzy Jarzębski, Rolf Fieguth, and Katarzyna Lukas.
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