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1

State Activities in the Securing of Cyberspace

100%
Babiński A.
Internal Security
|
2015
|
vol. 7(2)
217-236
EN
The development of civilisation has created a new, previously unknown environment called cyberspace. The creationof this new environment determines activities for its protection. One of the most important changes in the contemporary securityenvironment is the emergence of cyberspace as a new field of activity of the state and citizens. This change means the state mustbe prepared for threats which it has not had to deal with before. In a globalised world, such actions must be taken togetherwith the international and European community. The article presents the contemporary descriptions of cyberspace, cyber security,cybercrime and the initiatives taken by the state — the Republic of Poland — in order to meet the challenges posed by the newthreats associated with them. It presents measures to identify these, prevent them and eliminate their consequences. It revealsthe actions taken by the highest authorities, central administrative bodies, state audit organisations, security formations, as wellas within the scientific and research environment. In particular, it focuses on the activities undertaken by the Internal SecurityAgency and the Police. A developed model of cooperation between authorities responsible for the security of cyberspace is presented.Also presented are the initiatives taken by the Polish police to counter ever growing and evolving cybercrime. These includecooperation with Interpol and Europol, not only in combating the phenomena, but also in the area of training. As a consequence,the article shows interdependencies arising in the area of cyber security, including activities of state institutions at the nationaland international levels.
2

The Safety of Participants in Pilgrimages,Processions and Funeral Corteges Using Public Roads

100%
Babiński A.
Internal Security
|
2016
|
vol. 8(2)
123-141
EN
A feature of the constitution is that the political system assumes a right to exercise freedom of conscience and religion.In the reality of a totalitarian state the ability to use this freedom was not so evident since, despite the formal guarantee, this ability was limited. In a democratic state of law, this freedom has been clarified by the legislature. By virtue of the Constitution expressions of religious belief may be restricted by law only when it is necessary to protect national security, public order, health, morals or the rights and freedoms of others. The legislation establishing special arrangements to enable the public exercise of worship does not introduce such restrictions. On the contrary, it facilitates its execution. A particular mode of worship involves events that take place entailing the use of public roads. Legislation providing for the use of roads assumes a formalisation of carrying out such religious ceremonies as pilgrimages, processions and funeral corteges on the roads. The article presents legal solutions to enable them to be carried out, indicating the dependence resulting from the category of road on which they are held and solutions designed to ensure the safety of the participants as specific users of public roads. It states which authorities are competent to make arrangements in this regard, indicating the multiplicity of authorities that need to be involved in this process. In the context of the existing legal situation, whether the solutions adopted allow determination of those responsible for the security and the scope of arrangements to ensure the safety of participants of pilgrimages, processions or funeral corteges is important.
3
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Joint Operations of the Polish Armed Forces and the Police

63%
Babiński A., Falecki J.
Internal Security
|
2017
|
vol. 9(1)
153-167
EN
Task performance in the area of counteraction and removal of contemporary threats results requires a state to use all of its possible sources and resources. Main entities that carry out those tasks are Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland and Polish Police. Important areas of Polish Armed Forces and Police activities include tasks in the field of crisis management, security and public order maintenance, as well as country’s defence. An effective task performance in particular areas is highly reliant on the quality of joint operations of the entities. Different legislative acts only slightly define powers to organize joint operations by Armed Forces and Police, however, the rules of such operations are described in detail in the agreements concluded between them. The area of joint operations of Polish Armed Forces and Police which should be of much attention is a good organization of joint training courses and field exercises. Such undertakings would significantly improve the effectiveness of joint operations of the entities, consequently reducing the number of victims and material loss, improving the protection of natural environment and providing the state security at a high level.
4

Ways of increasing the level of safety and security at locations proposed for World Youth Day 2016

51%
Babiński A., Lubiewski P., Kołnierowicz D.
Internal Security
|
2016
|
vol. 8(1)
41-58
EN
The organisation of religious ceremonies involving an above average number of participants is a challenge, not only for the church authorities, but also for the civic authorities. Such a ceremony is XXIX World Youth Day. Events are planned for many places, including at Kraków-Balice Airport, in Częstochowa in the area of the Jasna Góra monastery, in Brzegi and in Błonia Park, Kraków. The locations that have been selected to enable the announced participation of millions of the faithful in the ceremonies, and the contemporary threats existing, including even that of terrorism, mean that there is a challenge to ensure the safety and security of the participants. Coping with this means that the legal framework for the formations responsible for security in the country, and the organisers’ security staff and volunteers functioning in this particular situation, need to be defined. Such a regulation is primarily the Act of 18 March 2016 on the special solutions adopted for the organisation of the visit of His Holiness Pope Francis in the Republic of Poland and World Youth Day - Kraków 2016. The article analyses the existing legal solutions and formulates observations which, when taken into account, will result in increased safety and security during World Youth Day. They concern: the participation of security staff, stewards and volunteers, and their powers to ensure order; identification of unacceptable behaviour and items that threaten order and security; prevention of unlawful and intentional use of unmanned mobile platforms; the risk of a terrorist threat; likely locations for an attempted attack and the possible methods which might be used. The considerations that make up the content of the article lead to the formulation of recommendations, which are presented as a summary.
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