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Władztwo rady i gmina w reprezentacji dużych miast pruskich w średniowieczu

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Czaja R.

Przegląd Zachodniopomorski

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2016

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issue 1

27-39

EN

The purpose of the article has been to analyse the way the big Prussian towns presented their own political organisation and especially the form they exercised their power. The author attempts to answer the question to which extent the presented image took into consideration the contribution of the citizens’ community in the control over the town and in the creation of the governing bodies, and to which extent the town was presented as a community under the control of the Council. The basis for the conclusions were written sources. The author has proved that until the beginning of the 16th century the town was represented as a community of its citizens, acting directly in corpore and through its administrative and judicial bodies. The fact that at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries the regime in big Prussian towns became soviet in its character caused that also in the representation of the town the control of the council over the commune was started to be emphasised. In spite of the monopolising of power by the merchant oligarchy and in spite of the regime reality the town was presented as a community whose citizens participated in making laws and decisions in the interests of the common good. That was the model of communal power that was especially emphasised in times of internal conflict and external threats. Yet, unlike the homogenous community of commune civitatis or dy bürger algemeyne that appeared in the sources from the 13th century and the first half of 14th century the late Middle Ages commune seems to have been a diversified community created by various professional groups (merchants, artisans) and it acted through different bodies: a council, courts of law, guilds.

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Celem artykułu jest analiza przedstawiania przez wielkie miasta pruskie własnej organizacjipolitycznej, w szczególności zaś formy sprawowania władzy. Autor podejmujepróbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jakim stopniu konstruowany obraz własny uwzględniałudział wspólnoty obywateli w rządzeniu miastem i kreowaniu organów władzy,a w jakim przedstawiano miasto jako wspólnotę podlegającą władztwu rady. Podstawąwniosków są źródła pisane. Autor wykazuje, że do początku XIV wieku miasto reprezentowałosię jako wspólnota obywateli, działająca bezpośrednio in corpore oraz zapośrednictwem swoich organów administracyjnych i sądowych. Wykształcenie się naprzełomie XIII/XIV wieku w dużych miastach pruskich ustroju radzieckiego sprawiło,że także w reprezentacji miasta zaczęto artykułować władztwo rady nad komuną. Mimomonopolizacji władzy w mieście przez oligarchię kupiecką, wbrew realiom ustrojowym,miasto przedstawiało się jako wspólnota, której obywatele uczestniczą w stanowieniuprawa i podejmowaniu decyzji w interesie dobra wspólnego. Taki model władzy komunalnejeksponowano szczególnie w czasach zagrożenia zewnętrznego oraz konfliktówwewnętrznych. W odróżnieniu jednak od jednolitej wspólnoty commune civitatis lubdy bürger algemeyne pojawiającej się w źródłach z XIII i I połowy XIV wieku, komunapóźnośredniowieczna prezentuje się jako społeczność zróżnicowana, tworzona przezróżne grupy zawodowe (kupców, rzemieślników) i działająca za pośrednictwem różnychorganów: rady, ławy sądowej, cechów.

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ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE OLD TOWN OF ELBLAG AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 15TH C. (Wykorzystanie energii w Starym Miescie Elblagu na poczatku XV w.)

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Czaja R.

Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej

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2008

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vol. 56

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issue 3-4

361-366

EN

The issues of energy demand and anthropogenic environmental change have not interested historians of Prussian towns as yet. One of the reasons for that is undoubtedly the scarcity of sources that would allow for a well-grounded analysis of the energy balance of particular towns. The purpose to the article is highlight the research value of the account book of the Old Town of Elblag from the years 1404-1414, which specifies in detail the expenses and revenues of the town council and its various offices. The author demonstrates that the source can be used to estimate energy consumption in the municipal trading and industrial establishments as well as the role of wood in the town's energy supply. The analysis concerned the number and location of local mills and the energy demand of local brickyards. The available data are not sufficient to estimate the consumption of fuel in households or in industrial facilities (brickyards, lime kilns, tar kilns). The data from the account book indicate that facilities of the latter kind were located not only in public buildings (the town hall, the cloth hall, the school, the town clerk's house) but also in sheds all over the town. The accounts preserved are not a sufficient basis to calculate the amount of wood and coal used to heat particular dwelling houses. It is known that at the beginning of the 15th c. the Old Town of Elblag had 362 houses and 289 sheds; there were also 483 sheds in the suburbs. The New Town of Elblag had 239 dwelling houses. The only indication in that respect is the systematic record of the yearly amount of coal and wood used to heat the town hall.

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Obraz miasta epoki przedprzemysłowej we współczesnych badaniach historycznych

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Czaja R.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2019

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vol. 84

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issue 1

67-84

EN

The aim of the article is to present the material scope and methodological assumptions of the research on the image of cities undertaken since the late 1970s. The author points out that the image of the city is a very broad term in which various research directions are included. The subject matter had been addressed in the works of sociologists, geographers and art historians since the 1920s. The so-called cultural breakthrough in historical sciences in the 1970s has contributed to the increasing interest in the problem of the representation of cities. The essence of the new approach has become the interest in the principles of creating an image, the ways of its construction and its functions. The priority in undertaking new methodological challenges in the research on the perception of cities and its representations should be attributed to researchers of literature and art historians. Historians started to be more seriously interested in the area in the 1980s. According to the author, the studies developing until the beginning of the 21st century were characterized by a large methodological diversity. Over the last ten years, the focus of researchers has been the issue of creating an image of their own city in various research contexts: city representation, city branding, symbolic communication and communal staging.

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Znaczenie gospodarcze Grudziądza w średniowieczu

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Czaja R.

Rocznik Grudziądzki

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2016

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vol. 24

65-76

EN

The aim of the article is to indicate the economic functions of the city of Grudziądz in the settlement and economic landscape of a given territory, at the local, regional and supra-regional level. The author focuses on the market rights and mechanisms, the privileges defining trade and production as well as the activity of Grudziądz townspeople in terms of trade, manufacturing and services. What is indicated in the first part of the article is the connection between chartering the city and development of the settlement hinterland areas. The analysis of the chronology of the development of rural settlement around Grudziądz indicates that the foundation of the city preceded the development of villages located to the north in the valley of River Osa. In relation to the rural settlement that was developing to the east and south, the foundation of the city may be seen as the moment when the market centre for already existing villages was created. In the following part of the article there are discussed the economic issues included in the charter by the provincial Master Meinhart von Querfurt of 1291. Grudziądz was given vast lands; as a result, the agriculture played huge role in the economic activity of the townspeople. Municipal building plots were linked with fields and gardens, which is implied by the regulation of the city council of 1365. The intensified agricultural production there is confirmed also due to the information in the rent book of the Teutonic Order of 1438 about the annual rent amounting to 115 Marks, paid by those cottagers who leased the gardens located outside the city of Grudziądz. Another form of economic activity mentioned in the charter of 1291, which was of great significance for the urban food supply, was fishing. Grudziądz townspeople got the right to catch fish in the Vistula River at a distance of about 17 km from the mouth of the River Osa to the Lake Rządz. Such rights provided many townspeople with the means of earning a living: it is demonstrated by the emergence of a fishing settlement in the southern suburbs. In the charter issued by the provincial Master there was mentioned one very important ordinance indicating that the city fulfilled the function of a centre for the surrounding rural settlement. The ban on building of inns within 1 mile contributed to the fact that the townspeople monopolized the license to sell beer, whose production was certainly an important source of their income. The author devotes a lot of space to the role of Grudziądz both as a trade centre of international trade and local market for rural areas. The plan, mentioned in the privilege of 1313 and aiming at building the trade house in Grudziądz, does not necessarily mean that the Teutonic Order tried to encourage long-distance traders to the city, but rather tried to increase the income from market regalia. At the beginning of the 14th c. there was created a new market infrastructure connected with retail trade serving the nearest rural hinterland. During the 14th c. it was developed. In 1380 the Grand Master Winrich von Kniprode authorized the construction of basements to keep and sell wine and beer. Twenty years later the city council issued an ordinance in which the retail trade of meat was regulated and the monopoly of butchers in retail trade was strengthened. The greatest market undertaking in Grudziądz was the fair, which in 1439 was mentioned for the first time. Finally, the author presents the problem of the role of Grudziądz in grain trade. The oldest information on the structure and territorial coverage of the grain trade in Grudziądz can be found in the books of accounts kept by trade officials (Großschäffer) of the Teutonic Order that are dated back to the 14/15th c. The analysis of the sources indicates that it was Grudziądz, among many small and medium towns of the Kulmerland located at the lower Vistula, that played the role of the most important trade centre for the Großschäffer from Königsberg. The value of commercial transactions concluded by the Teutonic official in Grudziądz was similar to the value in Świecie, but the cities differed from each other in terms of commodity structure. While in Świecie Teutonic Knights purchased mainly grain, in Grudziądz it was wheat that was bought most often (1677 Marks), not grain (266 Marks). Unfortunately, we do not possess sources that would help us identify people who entered into business contacts with the Großschäffer. However, we can assume that most of them were residents of the city and surrounding areas. The range of contracts concluded by the minister of Königsberg in Grudziadz went beyond the local market associated with the local commandry, as it covered the whole Kulmerland and Teutonic territories in Kuyavia. It seems that the city had the particular importance in the export of grain from the central and northern part of the Kulmerland. This is evidenced for example by remarks on the trade activities of the Teutonic vogts from Lipienek who in 1405 and 1451 exported their grain and other goods to Gdańsk and Elbląg through Grudziądz. A very interesting source, showing the economic priorities of Grudziądz, is a memorandum drawn up by the city council in 1444 as a proposal for a new provincial Willkür. Postulates of changes included therein indicate that Grudziądz townspeople were interested in the Vistula river navigation and grain trade, as well as unhindered contacts with merchants and skippers from the Dutch and Zeeland counties. Grudziądz councilors included in their memorial also production issues. They spoke out against the introduction of an additional fee for milling flour in mills, forcing craftsmen to sell their products, and the use of services provided by itinerant barkeepers by brewers. According to the postulates every brewer should have his own licensed premises and the right to sell the product. The memorial is a good summary of the reflections on the economy of Grudziądz, as it included all forms of economic activity of the townspeople that were mentioned in the earlier sources: the grain trade, milling, local market, beer production and its licensed sale.

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The Image of Towns in the Pre-partition Polish Lands Toruń, June 8–9, 2018

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Czaja R., Noga Z.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2018

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vol. 83

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issue 4

5-8

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Władztwo rady i gmina w reprezentacji dużych miast pruskich w średniowieczu

ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE OLD TOWN OF ELBLAG AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 15TH C. (Wykorzystanie energii w Starym Miescie Elblagu na poczatku XV w.)

Obraz miasta epoki przedprzemysłowej we współczesnych badaniach historycznych

Znaczenie gospodarcze Grudziądza w średniowieczu

The Image of Towns in the Pre-partition Polish Lands Toruń, June 8–9, 2018