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Legal character of the agricultural agreements in the Polish legal system

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Łobos-Kotowska D.
Przegląd Prawa Rolnego
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2016
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issue 2 (19)
45-60
EN
The issue of agricultural agreements is strictly related to the criteria for the separation of agricultural law present in the Polish and West-European doctrine. Thus, the adoption of a specific regulation of civil law agreements concerning agricultural relations was the im-pulse for the development this a separate branch of the law to regulate matters in agricul-ture. The paper aims to present the legal character of agreements concluded by farmers and other entities conducting economic activity in rural areas. It does not include any detailed analysis of the legal solutions assumed within particular agreements, but is an attempt to answer the question whether a separate category of agreements – agricultural agreements has its separate place in the Polish legal system, and if the answer is affirmative, to identify the criteria for this separation. Agricultural agreements have been presented taking into account the civil law and administrative law methods that have been applied to regulate legal relations between them. The paper also discusses substantive matters as well as procedural issues connected with the process of seeking damages under these agreements.
IT
La questione dei contratti agricoli è strettamente legata ai criteri di distinzione del diritto agrario adottati dalla dottrina polacca e di stampo europeo occidentale. È l’adozione di una regolazione specifica in merito ai contratti di diritto civile, che riguardano relazioni in agricoltura, a sottendere la distinzione di questa branca del diritto. L’obiettivo di questo articolo è di determinare la natura giuridica dei contratti stipulati da agricoltori e anche da altri soggetti che operano nelle zone rurali. Nell’articolo non è stata eseguita un’analisi dettagliata delle soluzioni giuridiche adottate nell’ambito dei contratti specifici, si è piuttosto tentato di rispondere alla domanda se nell’ordinamento giuridico polacco sia avvenuta la distinzione di una categoria separata di contratti, i contratti agricoli, e qualora la risposta fosse affermativa, di indicare i criteri di distinzione. Nell’articolo è stata effettuata una sistematizzazione dei contratti agricoli, in particolare in base al metodo adottato nella regolazione dei rapporti giuridici: di natura civilistica e amministrativa. Le considerazioni includono non solo questioni di diritto sostanziale, ma anche la problematica procedurale, legata ai ricorsi sorti in base a tali contratti.
2
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Planowanie inwestycji z udziałem środków EFRROW na obszarach wiejskich

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Łobos-Kotowska D.
Studia Iuridica Agraria
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2016
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vol. 14
63-74
EN
The subject of the study is to determine the principles of investment planning in rural areas with the participation of the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development. The paper discusses the principles of programming financial perspective 2014-2020, taking into account the need to coordinate support from the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development and the Structural and Cohesion Funds. Attention has been paid to the need to coordinate support from the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development in territorial terms, taking into account the standards of planning. Rural development should address the concern of its multi – functionality, where apart from the production function development of other functions to ensure the environmental protection, to maintain natural landscape and traditional cultural values are also assumed. Such approach requires taking into account the role of planning in view both strategic and development as well as spatial aspect.
3
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SPRAWOZDANIA I INFORMACJE. Jubileusz Profesor Teresy Kurowskiej połączony z wręczeniem księgi pamiątkowej „Współczesne problemy prawa rolnego i cywilnego”

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Łobos-Kotowska D.
Przegląd Prawa Rolnego
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2018
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issue 1 (22)
229-236
4
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Sztuczne tworzenie warunków dla uniknięcia zmniejszenia płatności

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Łobos-Kotowska D.
Studia Iuridica Agraria
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2014
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vol. 12
19-31
EN
The article contains an analysis of premises of acquiring direct payments, with special emphasis on the regulations concerning the term “artificially created of conditions”. The aim of the author deliberations is to determined what meanings the notions “artificially created of conditions” and the term of “possession” used in the regulations. The legislator of these regulations does not define these terms, and it is necessary to seek the meaning of these phrases in Polish law. First term should be understood as an institution of civil law – operation designed to circumvent the law. Second term referring instead to the definitions contained in the civil code, too. Yet, to satisfy the demand for possessing agricultural land, additional premises are to be fulfilled. Legal regulations concerning payments introduce a kind of qualified possession consisting in actual agriculture usage of land The article points to some terminological problems on the UE – national law border, reflected in judicial decisions not only the national administrative courts but also Court of Justice of the European Union.
5

Działalność rolnicza w przepisach prawa publicznego i prywatnego

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Łobos-Kotowska D.
Studia Iuridica
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2014
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vol. 59
217-230
EN
The concept of agricultural activity is of particular importance for agricultural law. It should be the basic concept of this branch of law, and according to some representatives of the doctrine of agricultural law, it is the concept of agricultural activity which formed the basis of its separation. The aim of this paper is to define the legal nature of farming and determine whether the agricultural activities can be classified as public law or private law. The subject of the discussion of this paper is therefore to define characteristics of agricultural activity, in particular in terms of objective, and to distinguish the business from the generation of a different nature, and other economic activities awarded on the basis of the Act of 2 April 2007 on the freedom of economic activity. This will answer the question whether the agricultural activity is a category of economic activity, in particular on the basis of the provisions of the act, but also other laws, including tax laws. Due to the complex and heterogeneous nature of the concept of agricultural activities, considerations will be transferred to the rules of substantive private law. The analysis will focus on the uniform treatment by these provisions of entrepreneurs and farmers engaged in agricultural activities.
6
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Nabywanie udziałów i akcji przez cudzoziemców w spółkach będących właścicielami nieruchomości rolnych

100%
Łobos-Kotowska D.
Przegląd Prawa Rolnego
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2018
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issue 1 (22)
27-39
EN
The subject of this article is restrictions on the acquisition by foreigners of shares in companies that are owners (perpetual usufructuaries) of agricultural real estate under the Polish legal system. Poland, similarly to some other EU Member States, has restricted the freedom to trade in real estate and introduced control over this trade through the use of instruments from the private as well as public law sphere. The degree of interference by the Polish legislator in trading in shares of commercial companies has been assessed basing on the Act on the acquisition of real estate by foreigners and the Act on the shaping of the agricultural system.
IT
L’oggetto dell’articolo riguarda le restrizioni, presenti nell’ordinamento giuridico polacco, all’acquisto di azioni e quote da parte di stranieri nelle società proprietarie di immobili agricoli (usufrutto perpetuo). La Polonia, come alcuni Paesi dell’UE, ha introdotto specifiche limitazioni alla compravendita degli immobili, ricorrendo sia agli strumenti di diritto privato sia a quelli di diritto pubblico nell’esercitarne il controllo. Il grado di ingerenza da parte del legislatore polacco nelle operazioni di acquisto e vendita di azioni e quote delle società commerciali è stato valutato dal punto di vista giuridico, sulla base della legge in materia di acquisto degli immobili da parte di stranieri e di quella sul regime agricolo.
7
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Sprawozdanie z XXIX Europejskiego Kongresu Prawa Rolnego, Lille 21-23 września 2017 r.

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Łobos-Kotowska D., Marciniuk K., Wojciechowski P.
Przegląd Prawa Rolnego
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2017
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issue 2 (21)
231-234
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