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EN
In the globalising world, similar phenomena are spreading in the world economy, politics, demography, social life and culture, regardless of the geographical context and the level of economic development of a given region. There are disputes over economic, political or social background that concern citizens of different countries. Also the mediation procedure is popularized, which facilitates the diffusion of a new approach to conflicts. The subject of this article is to present a contemporary image of mediation, with particular emphasis on cross-border mediation, as well as their history and indication of the most-important functions in societies and their potentially high significance in the future. The main purpose of the article is to present cross-border mediation as the best way to resolve conflicts between representatives of different countries, nations, cultures, etc., as well as to draw attention to the barriers related to their application
EN
The aim of this article is to examine the flow of portfolio investment in the 21st century in the further use of the Lucas paradox observed in the world economy in the twentieth century. Portfolio investments are perceived in the literature and empirical research as less significant, while both their size and importance to the development of capital markets are usually only indicated. Data for the study were obtained from the balance of payments of individual countries and groups of countries, as well as data on the size and level of development of capital markets in these groups. The course of this research confirmed the importance of the flow of capital in the form of portfolio investments in the global economy. This has shown the further occurrence of the Lucas paradox, also in portfolio investment. It shows the weakness of the capital markets of LDCs in conjunction with the insufficient inflow of portfolio investments. The originality of the article lies in the combination of portfolio investments and determinants of the attractiveness of individual capital markets for investors in international financial markets. The small inflow of portfolio investments is both the cause and the consequence of the insufficient level of development of capital markets in the least developed countries (LDC). Hence the need to make a diagnosis and to build paths of development of such markets based on the experience of more developed countries, in order to adapt them to attract and retain capital in the form of portfolio investments
EN
The subject of portfolio investment seems particularly significant given that the current fluctuations on international financial markets make it necessary to perform an analysis of their causes and effects. It seems reasonable to make considerations regarding the direction of the flow of portfolio investment in the twentieth and twenty-first century. This article presents theoretical considerations concerning the characteristics and effects of the flow of portfolio investment in the global economy and an analysis of flow directions in the years 1960-2015. These considerations are based on data of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, which collate net inflows of the portfolio investment to particular countries in the indicated period. Our considerations show the links between the financial markets of countries and regions, together with the general tendencies of movements of capital at the time of crisis and the stabilization periods of global financial markets. The article shows the link between the financial markets of individual countries, together with the general trend of movement of capital in the period of crisis and the stabilization of financial markets
EN
The development of the financial market is usually described in terms of new instruments, institutions or integration groups. Aspects often result in a delayed increase in market participants’ confidence, as the learning process of innovation is necessary. In the meantime, the anti-conflict mediation procedure, conflicts of diverse background, allow the parties to compromise and work out agreements that also benefit the entire financial market. The article attempts to argue for the hypothesis emphasizing the role of mediation in improving the level of financial market functioning and the level of investment attractiveness of financial market players. The article shows mediation as a solution to potential conflicts, as described in the current theory of economics and finance, as well as to problems in reality. The research was based on the literature of the subject and on mediation practices on the Polish financial market. The mediation procedure present on the Polish financial market is used especially in the insurance and banking sectors as well as in public finances, contributing to raising the level of trust of the individual entities.
PL
Inwestycje portfelowe mają niewątpliwy wpływ na rozwój światowych rynków finansowych, szczególnie w przypadku krajów o rosnącym znaczeniu dla światowej gospodarki. Rosja jest jednym z krajów, których gospodarka jest bardzo silnie związana z wydobywaniem surowców naturalnych oraz ze źródłami energii nieodnawialnej, w związku z czym w okresie wahań na rynkach tych dóbr cała gospodarka staje się mniej przewidywalna dla inwestorów. Regulacje rynku finansowego Rosji dla inwestorów krajowych i zagranicznych powinny zostać przeformułowane w taki sposób, aby redukować efekty negatywnych zdarzeń na międzynarodowych rynkach finansowych i odbudować rynek wewnętrzny. Rosja posiada znaczące rezerwy kapitału, które można przeznaczyć na inwestycje, więc interesującą kwestią pozostaje kierunek przepływu inwestycji portfelowych z Rosji do innych krajów w czasie, kiedy rodzimy rynek nie stwarza zachęt do inwestycji na rynku finansowym. W zaprezentowanym artykule zawarto rozważania na wskazane tematy, wykorzystując bilans płatniczy Rosji i informacje o inwestycjach portfelowych w ujęciu napływu kapitału na ten rynek i jego odpływu wraz z analizą atrakcyjności inwestycyjnej tego kraju. Inwestycje portfelowe uważane za mniej znaczące dla gospodarki kraju przyjmującego i często krótkoterminowe są najbardziej podatne na okresy recesji, które powodują gwałtowne zmiany w przepływie tego rodzaju kapitału. Zjawisko to można wyraźnie zaobserwować w gospodarce Rosji. Silne zainteresowanie zagranicznych inwestorów gospodarką rosyjską w formie inwestycji bezpośrednich i portfelowych rozpoczęło się w 2000 r. i trwało do 2006 r. W związku z trendami światowymi i kryzysem gospodarczym w pierwszej połowie 2008 r. na rynku kapitałowym w Rosji odnotowano znaczne spadki (w porównaniu z rokiem poprzednim wyniosły prawie 100%, co wskazuje na spadek zainteresowania inwestorów zagranicznych rosyjskim rynkiem papierów wartościowych). Rosyjska gospodarka od początku XXI wieku doświadczyła znacznego napływu kapitału zagranicznego, w tym w formie inwestycji portfelowych. Jednak w porównaniu z możliwościami rozwoju potencjału gospodarczego Rosji jest to nadal niewielka liczba.
EN
Portfolio investments have an impact on the development of financial markets around the world, especially in countries of growing importance for the global economy. Russia is one of the countries which are mainly linked to the energy and raw materials sector, so at a time of fluctuations on those markets, its economy is less predictible for international investors. The regulations for investors in this country (also non-residents) need to be improved to overcome the negative effects of world financial crisises and to rebuild financial markets. Russia is also an economy with large amounts of capital to invest, so it is interesting to observe its financial flows to other countries in the situation when existing regulations are stopping capital for domestic investment. The following article analyzes the flows of portfolio investment in Russia in the twenty-first century based on balance of payments data in conjunction with changes in the geopolitical situation and the investment attractiveness of the country. Capital invested in the form of portfolio investments is fragile and often short-term, and it is most vulnerable to periods of recession, causing rapid changes in the flow of this kind of capital. These relationships can be clearly observed in Russia. The strong interest of foreign investors in the Russian economy, in the form of direct and portfolio investments, started in 2000 and lasted until 2006. In the first half of 2008, decreases were slow compared to the record high of the previous year, but from September they accelerated to such an extent that by the end of the year they had reached almost 100%, depicting a sharp decline of foreign investors’ interest in the Russian securities market. This translated into a decline on the Russian stock market. The Russian economy since the beginning of the twenty-first century has experienced a significant influx of foreign capital, including in the form of portfolio investment. However, in comparison with the possibilities of the development of the economic potential of Russia, it is still a small amount.
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