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EN
The subject of this article is the demonstration of the changes that occurred in modern times in the perception of the goal of the state and politics and desirable attitudes of the ruler. The article presents a comparison of the medieval political thought and the thought developed by later political writers: N. Machiavelli, J. Bodin, H. Grotius, and T. Hobbes. The conclusion that follows from the considerations is that, in the Renaissance and Baroque times, the deprivation of the political thought of the sacral themes became evident. What is interesting is that the causes of transformations were at the same time found in the contradictions existing in the Middle Ages. The reception of Aristotelianism, undermining the authority of the papacy and the creation of sovereign states thoroughly and permanently changed the perception of politics and the functioning of the state.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest ukazanie zmian, jakie nastąpiły w czasach nowożytnych, w postrzeganiu celu państwa, polityki i pożądanych postaw władcy. W pracy przedstawiono porównanie myśli politycznej średniowiecza z tą, która była autorstwem późniejszych pisarzy politycznych: N. Machiavellego, J. Bodina, H. Grotiusa i T. Hobbesa. Nasuwającym się wnioskiem z rozważań jest konstatacja, że w czasach renesansu i baroku uwidoczniło się pozbawienie dotychczasowej myśli politycznej wątków sakralnych. Interesującym zagadnieniem jest to, że przyczyny przeobrażeń tkwiły również w samych sprzecznościach istniejących w średniowieczu. Recepcja arystotelizmu, podkopanie autorytetu papiestwa i powstanie suwerennych państw dogłębnie i trwale zmieniły postrzeganie polityki i funkcjonowania państwa.
EN
The article presents the emergence, development and ideological profile of political groups operating in autonomous Galicia which can be described as “radical”. Criteria used in the introduction should be considered valid and reliable. In the case of agrarian movement the main objective of its creation and further operation was to transform property relations prevailing in the country, which was more or less associated with violation of property rights. The socialists proposed introduction of a system of state distribution of wealth and collective property instead of capitalist relations. This was associated not only with the total overvaluation of the existing socio-economic reality, but also the creation of a new man, free from economic coercion.
PL
X Zjazd historyków doktryn politycznych i prawnych w Szklarskiej Porębie
EN
Conservatives in Galicia during the Austro-Hungarian monarchy exerted an overwhelming influence on political and social life. Among the conservative groups and parties, there were the so-called Podolaks, to which Wojciech Dzieduszycki belonged, writer, politician and philosopher. He wrote about the genesis and concept of law, the functions of the state and the scope of state power. He spoke against the law that regulates all manifestations of human life, because social relations are also regulated by moral and religious norms. Dzieduszycki was critical of socialism and all excessive forms of state intervention because he was against excessive state power. Based on Dzieduszycki’s reflections on the state and law, it can be concluded that he was an advocate of evolutionary conservatism.
PL
Konserwatyści w Galicji doby monarchii austro-węgierskiej wywierali przemożny wpływ na życie polityczne i społeczne. Spośród ugrupowań i stronnictw zachowawczych silną pozycją odznaczali się tzw. podolacy, do których przynależał Wojciech Dzieduszycki, pisarz, polityk i filozof. Myśliciel ten zajmował się genezą i pojęciem prawa, funkcjami państwa i zakresem władzy państwowej. Wypowiadał się przeciwko prawu regulującemu wszelkie przejawy ludzkiego życia, gdyż stosunki społeczne są regulowane także przez normy moralne i religijne. Krytyczny stosunek do omnipotencji prawa implikował u Dzieduszyckiego sprzeciw wobec socjalizmu i wszelkich nadmiernych form interwencjonizmu państwa. Na podstawie jego rozważań o państwie i prawie można stwierdzić, że był zwolennikiem konserwatyzmu ewolucyjnego.
EN
Background The study aimed to investigate the influence of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) by assessing alterations in gene expression and the secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Material and Methods Three ccRCC cell lines (786-O, 769-P, and CAKI-1) and a healthy HEK293 cell line were subjected to ELF-EMF exposure (frequency 50 Hz, magnetic field strength 4.5 mT) for 30 min daily for 5 days. The study examined the expression of ADAM28, NCAM1, and VEGFC genes, along with the secretion of 30 cytokines and chemokines. Results Notably, primary tumor-derived cell lines, but not those from metastatic sites, exhibited ADAM28 gene expression, which increased following ELF-EMF exposure. A statistically significant reduction in VEGFC gene expression was observed in 769-P cells after ELF-EMF exposure. Additionally, NCAM1 gene expression was upregulated in HEK293, 769-P, and 786-O cells, representing normal embryonic kidney cells and primary tumor cells, but not in CAKI-1 cells, which model metastatic sites. After EMF exposure, there was a statistically significant decrease in transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) concentration in the cell culture supernatants of HEK293 and CAKI-1 cell lines, with no other significant changes in the secretion of tested cytokines. Conclusions Given the study’s findings and available research, caution is warranted when drawing conclusions about the potential inhibitory effect of ELF-EMF on ccRCC progression. Standardization of experimental models is imperative when assessing the effects of EMF in a human context.
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