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Rządy Boga czy system demokracji – ideologiczny spór o kształt Republiki Islamskiej Pakistanu w XX i w XXI wieku

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Kłodkowski P.
Studia Politologiczne
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2019
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vol. 53
64-81
EN
The article deals with political disputes related to the contemporary interpretations of Islam in the context of constructing the very idea of Pakistan, and then of continuously re-defining its ideological foundations. Two contrasting concepts are analyzed, viz., the political philosophy of a modern, democratic Islamic State as elaborated by Muhammad Allama Iqbal, officially recognized as “the Spiritual Father of Pakistan”, and the traditionalist (fundamentalist) vision of an Islamic State as promoted by Abul A’la Maududi, the founder of Jamaat-e-Islami, one of the most influential Muslim organizations in Asia. The selected elements of both ideological visions have been implemented in Pakistan by various political players over the period of seventy years. The implications of these ideological disputes have always had a serious impact on the final shape of Pakistani society, policies and law. The process of de-radicalization or de-talibanization of the State, coincided with a military operation “Zarb-e-Azb”, appears to be deeply rooted in ideology and its success may, to some extent, depend on the effectiveness of ideological arguments presented by the fighting parties.
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Story of the Clashing Images of the Country. The Case of India’s Image at Home and in Poland

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Kłodkowski P.
Polish Sociological Review
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2012
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vol. 178
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issue 2
303-324
EN
The article deals with the complex process of creating a country image, both at home and abroad. It consists of two parts, being interrelated with each other, however not in a direct way. In part one the focus is laid on the image of India created by Indians themselves, which is partly a result of the grand economic transformation initiated in the beginning of the 1990s, and partly a heritage of much older cultural and political tradition. In part two the case of India’s changing image in Poland is analyzed, viz. the case of a country, which unlike other European states, never ventured to establish its own political presence overseas, but nevertheless it was able to build a complex structure of various images of the civilization it hardly had any direct political contact with.
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