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PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest interpretacja anonimowego traktatu łacińskiego Mensura instrumenti organici z X w. Tekst jest bardzo zwięzły, ma charakter prostego instruktażu przeznaczonego dla potencjalnego konstruktora organów. Strojenie piszczałek (o jednakowym obwodzie) dokonuje się wyłącznie za pomocą dwóch stosunków liczbowych – epitrytycznego (4:3) i epogdoicznego (9:8). Dokładne wyliczenia potwierdzają, że ta metoda okazała się pewna i daje rezultat w postaci dobrze nastrojonych piszczałek w stroju naturalnym (pitagorejskim) w zakresie trzech oktaw. W artykule przeprowadzono sporo działań matematycznych oraz przedstawiono miarę piszczałek za pomocą rysunków. Szczegółowo wyjaśniono również zagadnienia terminologiczne oraz zaprezentowano teksty greckie i łacińskie niezbędne do właściwej interpretacji traktatu.
EN
The paper is intended to interpret the anonymous Latin Treaty entitled Mensura instrumenti organici written in the X century. The text is very concise and takes the form of a simple instruction intended for a potential constructor of pipe organs. Tuning pipes (of the same circuit) is performed exclusively by means of two ratios – epitritos (4:3) and epogdoos (9:8). The exact calculation confirms that this method proved to be reliable and results in well-tuned pipes using natural Pythagorean tuning in three octave range. Numerous mathematical calculations and the figures of pipes measurements are presented in the paper. The issues of terminology are explained in detail and Greek and Latin texts necessary for the proper interpretation of the treaty are also presented.
EN
A description of the first organ construction, called the water organ (hýdraulis), is a matter of interest of not only instrumentologists, but mostly classical philologists. Actually, source texts on the subject had been drafted in Greek and Latin. One of them (lat.) originates from De architectura by Vitruvius Chapter 8, book X (1 BC. – AD 1), another (gr.) – from the work Pneumaticá (1, 42) by Heron of Alexandria (AD 1). Although above mentioned texts concern the same invention, they differ from each other in content, as well as the structure and terminology. Text analysis conducted during translation leads to the conclusion that more detailed and professional is the description by Heron, even though it is chronologically dated as later. It contains ordered instructions for the construction of water organ, which accurately describe all items. The description by Vitruvius lacks this feature and in addition there are inconsistencies in terminology and vague characteristics of some elements of the device. The greatest weakness of the text by the Roman architect is the fact that the reader does not learn what the purpose of water in water organs was. One can conclude that Heron, who operated in Alexandria, had access to the writings of Ctesibius and precise knowledge of the invention. The instrument presented by Vitruvius is a variant of the original device. The consequence of the popular translation of De architectura by Vitruvius and the lack of translation of Pneumaticá by Heron of Alexandria into Polish is a significant confusion in the Polish scientific and popular science literature. Various approaches, interpretations and representations of water organ can be found without any reference to the source. The present article also draws attention to the fact that the most important place in literature, directly informing that the inventor of the instrument was Ctesibius (III BC), is an excerpt from Belopoiicá by Philo of Byzantium (III BC). The second one is a statement by Vitruvius, though it should be noted that it is not included in the famous description of the organs, but in another place. These facts are commonly ignored in the studies and the knowledge of the inventor of the water organs is taken for granted. The readers can find in the present article the original texts and the author’s own translations into Polish. Another issue mentioned is the subject of terminology based on ancient instrument science since it is known that this instrument has not been called organs from the beginning. The paper also attempts to find out when the organs began to function as an instrument in liturgical space of the Catholic Church. On the basis of textual criticism of De musica by Cassiodorus and comparative analysis with other treaties it can be concluded that it happened in the sixth century.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje, na miarę możliwości, postać i dorobek Władysława Cyrbesa, nieco zapomnianego kompozytora. Okruchy informacji rozsianych w różnych encyklopediach i słownikach oraz w czasopiśmiennictwie pozwalają na częściową przynajmniej rekonstrukcję interesujących nas wiadomości. Najbardziej cennym materiałem są zachowane dokumenty parafialne. Skrótowo artykuł ujmuje życiorys Cyrbesa, począwszy od jego narodzin poprzez edukację aż po działalność artystyczno-pedagogiczną. Zawiera także możliwie najobszerniejszy spis utworów muzycznych omawianego twórcy.
EN
This article presents the figure and achievements of Władysław Cyrbes, a somewhat forgotten composer. Pieces of information scattered in various encyclopedias, dictionaries as well as magazines enable at least partially to reconstruct the news we are interested in. The most valuable material was preserved in parish documents. Briefly, the article gives the outline of Cyrbes’s memoir strarting from his birth through education to artistic and pedagogical activity. It also contains the most comprehensive list of musical works of the author.
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