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EN
The paper is a critical reaction to Christopher Gauker’s general attack on the Gricean way of thinking about linguistic communication and, in particular, on the role it assigns to the phenomenon of recursive mindreading. The author rejects the claim that the Gricean analysis of meaning something by an utterance is psychologically totally unrealistic, in particular because of the role which the element of recursive mindreading plays in the conditions in definiens. In this connection, the author defends a certain account of philosophical analysis, its functions and the proper interpretation of its results (Ch. 2). On the same basis, the author critically examines Gauker’s rejection of Grice’s analysis of conversational implicatures, as well as of the very reality of Gricean implicatures as a communicative phenomenon (Ch. 3). He concludes that Gauker’s alternative to Grice’s theory of implicatures, leaving no space for recursive mindreading, does not address the same questions as Grice’s theory, and its contribution to the explanation of the nature of communicative interaction is rather limited (Ch. 4). In opposition to a widely shared view, the author argues that Gricean semantics is compatible with the assumption that higher-order thoughts, required by recursive mindreading, are inaccessible to autistic speakers. There is still a good sense in which they can be regarded as meaning something by their utterances and performing speech acts (Ch. 5). The last part of the discussion concerns Gauker’s criticism of the “generalized Griceanism” in M. Tomassello’s work, in particular of the role that Tomassello assigns to the recursive mindreading in his analysis of coordination problems. Concerning this role, the author arrives at rather sceptical conclusions, for different reasons than those underlying Gauker’s criticism (Ch. 6).
CS
Článek je obhajobou Griceovy sémantiky a pragmatiky a zvláště role, kterou v ní hraje předpoklad tzv. „rekurzivního čtení mysli“. Diskuse na toto téma, vedená převážně jako polemika s Griceovým oponentem Christopherem Gaukerem, je pojata jako příležitost k úvahám o povaze jazykové komunikace, o roli vzájemnosti v postojích jejích účastníků, o úloze filosofické analýzy v této sféře a o adekvátním čtení jejích výsledků.
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Filosofie a literatura: čtení přes překážky

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EN
The author attempts to show that philosophy and literature can – in an equally radical, destructive and yet productive way – intervene in the running of our conceptual apparatus, schemes of imagination and patterns of interpretation. He focuses on three philosophical and two literary examples of this kind: 1) In the Phenomenology of Spirit, Hegel describes, in a most dynamic (and “physically” evocative) way, the movement performed by thought which strives to articulate a speculative content in the traditional subject-predicate form (based on a fixed substance-attribute opposition). 2) The externalist thought experiments (H. Putnam, T. Burge and others) have an equally radical effect: they subvert our intuitions concerning the contents of thoughts and communicative acts and the “natural” assumption that these contents are located in our heads. 3) The Gricean semantics with its well-known regresses leads to the conclusion that any act of “meaning something by something” expands (in its intentional structure) in infinitum: this is a radical challenge for our intuitions concerning the nature of communicative attitudes and communicative acts. 4) The narrator in Beckett’s Trilogy (in particular in The Unnamable) describes his mind as a space for the interventions of other, more assertive and more efficient, minds. Moreover, he concludes that even this thought should be ascribed to them, the same holds for this conclusion etc. in infinitum: in this way, the narrator’s subject collapses in an infinite regress. This corresponds to the externalist revision of the internal nature of our thought (cf. 2) as well as the Gricean regresses affecting any attempts to identify the position from which we “mean something by something” (cf. 3). The resulting collapse of the referential role of the first person pronoun, as well as other examples of Beckettian destruction of basic language functions, provide a literary analogy to Hegel’s revision of the traditional sentence form (cf. 3). Another contribution to this confrontation is to be found in Borges’ Pierre Menard story.
EN
Russell’s theory of descriptions has famously shown how a traditional epistemological position, consequently developed, imposes specific requirements on the logical analysis. Its result is, according to some Russellians, applicable not only to logical but also to communicative functions of sentences with definite descriptions as their components. This holds only under an apropriate explanation of the role played by Russellian propositions in communication. According to the author, they are introduced into communication as by-products of (successful or unsuccessful) acts of making singular statements and reflect the instrumental side of these acts. This “multipropositional” approach opens the possibility of combining the Russellian truth-evaluation of utterances of sentences including descriptions with the Strawsonian analysis of the communicative function of these utterances, based on the notion of presuposition.
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Myslet a mluvit "jako by"

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EN
The paper starts with the distinction between (i) the as if mode as a parameter identified by philosophical analysis in the structure of thought acts and (ii) the as if mode as a refuge that a philosophical system resorts to in order to avoid consequences of its intrinsic contradictions. Examples of (i) are found in Kant’s ethics and aesthetics, while a prominent example of (ii) is discovered in Kant’s transcendental dialectics. A parallel is then drawn with well-known theories of 20th century analytical philosophy, where the as if mode could serve as an equally straightforward (and equally illusory) solution of analogical problems: problems caused by the fact that the theory requires and at the same time prohibits certain moves. In the second part, this function of the as if mode within philosophical systems is compared with everyday life situations, where the as if mode serves as a medium in which the distance between the actual and desirable states of affairs can be overbridged. The third part focuses on the role of the as if mode in narrative fiction. Even this sphere provides space for fundamental contradictions of the kind discussed in the first part. What is essentially different are their destructive consequences within theoretical systems (calling for „solutions“ in the as if mode) and their positive potential within narrative fiction where they can play a constructive role.
CS
V první části stati se zaměříme na rozdíl mezi modem jako by jako významným parametrem, který filosofická analýza odhaluje ve struktuře myšlenkových postojů či aktů, a modem jako by jako útočištěm, do nějž se filosofický systém uchyluje v krizových situacích: v situacích, kdy si chod systému vynucuje tahy, které jsou podle jeho vlastních kritérií nepřípustné. Toto přepínání do modu jako by, jeho důvody a jeho neúčinnost (jako východiska z krize) budeme sledovat v Kantově transcendentální dialektice. Krátce poukážeme na analogické problémy v teoriích prominentních analytických filosofů 20. století, které vybízejí ke stejně přímočarému (a stejně iluzornímu) řešení. V další kapitole povedeme paralelu mezi touto funkcí modu jako by na půdě teoretických systémů a jednou z rolí modu jako by v reálném životě: jako by v ní plní funkci média, v němž se má překlenout rozpor mezi skutečným a žádoucím stavem věcí. Na závěr vymezíme roli a dosah modu jako by ve fungování narativní fikce. I tato sféra, jak uvidíme, otevírá prostor pro fundamentální rozpory stejného druhu, jaké nás zajímaly v první části stati. Co se podstatně liší, jsou jejich důsledky na půdě teorie (kde mají destruktivní dopad a volají po „řešení“ v modu jako by) a na půdě narativní fikce (kde mohou působit jako produktivní princip).
DE
Im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Abhandlung befassen wir uns mit dem Unterschied zwischen dem Als-ob-Modus als wichtigem Parameter, den die philosophische Analyse in der Struktur von Denkakten aufdeckt, und dem Als-ob-Modus als Zuflucht, die ein philosophisches System in Krisensituationen aufsucht, d. h. in Situationen, in denen das Funktionieren des Systems Maßnahmen erfordert, die nach den systemeigenen Kriterien unzulässig sind. Dieses Umschalten in den Als-ob-Modus, die Gründe dafür und seine Wirkungslosigkeit (als Ausweg aus der Krise) verfolgen wir anhand von Kants transzendentaler Dialektik. Dabei verweisen wir kurz auf ein vergleichbares Problem in den Theorien prominenter analytischer Philosophen des 20. Jahrhunderts, die zu einer ebenso direkten (wie illusorischen) Lösung auffordern. Im weiteren Kapitel ziehen wir Parallelen zwischen dieser Funktion des Als-ob-Modus auf dem Boden theoretischer Systeme und einer der Rollen des Als-ob-Modus in alltäglichen Situationen: das Als-ob spielt hier die Rolle des Mediums, in dem der Widerspruch zwischen dem wirklichen und dem erwünschten Stand der Dinge überbrückt werden soll. Abschließend umreißen wir die Rolle und die Reichweite des Als-ob-Modus im Wirken der narrativen Fiktion. Auch diese Sphäre öffnet den Raum für gleichartige fundamentale Widersprüche, die uns im ersten Teil der Abhandlung interessierten. Der wesentliche Unterschied besteht in den Folgen auf dem Boden der Theorie (die hier destruktiv sind und nach einer „Lösung“ im Als-ob-Modus rufen) und auf dem Boden der narrativen Fiktion (wo sie als produktives Prinzip wirken können).
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