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1
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Ryt z zamku krzyżackiego w Toruniu. Przyczynek do badań nad średniowiecznymi projektami elementów architektury na obszarze państwa zakonu krzyżackiego w Prusach

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Szczupak D.
Biuletyn Historii Sztuki
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2022
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vol. 84
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issue 3
473-485
EN
In the light of analyses of the grooves that are now legible and photographs taken a few years ago, the architectural graffiti from the Teutonic Knights’ castle in Toruń can be read as a representation of a tracery. On the basis of earlier findings regarding the construction phases of the Toruń castle, its topography and spatial layout, an attempt was made to establish the chronology of the architectural graffiti and the function of the building in which it was located. The discovery of relics of architectural details within the upper castle and the finding of some parallels with the church of St James in the New Town of Toruń were undoubtedly crucial in explaining the reasons why the tracery had been sketched on the wall. 
PL
Ryt z zamku krzyżackiego w Toruniu w świetle analiz czytelnych obecnie żłobków oraz fotografii sprzed kilku lat daje się odczytać jako przedstawienie maswerku. Na podstawie dotychczasowych ustaleń badaczy na temat faz budowy toruńskiego zamku oraz jego topografii i układu przestrzennego podjęto próbę ustalenia chronologii wykonania rytu i funkcji obiektu, w którym się znajdował. Istotne znaczenie dla wyjaśnienia przyczyn wyrycia przedstawienia maswerku miało niewątpliwie odkrycie reliktów detali architektonicznych w obrębie zamku wysokiego oraz odnalezienie pewnych analogii z kościołem św. Jakuba w Nowym Mieście Toruniu. 
2
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Symboliczne znaczenie ornamentów źródeł ruchomych z wybranych zamków zakonnych. Przyczynek do dalszych badań nad religijnością krzyżacką w średniowiecznych Prusach

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Szczupak D.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2022
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vol. 87
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issue 4
69-96
EN
Medieval religiosity was manifested primarily through the worship of relics and individual saints, organisation of prayers, funding the purchase of candles, reading pious literature, and belief in miracles and epiphany. The knowledge on the subject has been provided through the studies of various medieval written sources and decorative elements in the representation rooms of Teutonic castles, which have survived to this day. Historical materials discovered during archaeological research, and renovation and maintenance works constitute equally important sources for exploring the issue of religiosity among the members of the Teutonic Order. Previously, they had not been analysed in this regard, which prompted the author of the article to put this topic under consideration, based on the example of selected discoveries made in several castles in the area of the former State of Teutonic Order in Prussia. Both the form and ornamentation of the archaeological materials may have referred to the piousness of Teutonic Knights, as indicated by the symbolic significance of the images in question, which are accepted by Christianity. Most depictions were found on the surface of architectural details from church interiors or refectories in high castles. The ornaments on their surfaces made references primarily to the figures of Mary and Christ, as well as to the apostles and parables from the Gospel of St. Matthew. At times, they may also have acted as reminders against the evil that threatened the souls of the brethren.
3
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Fragmenty tekstyliów z krypty północnej (wielkich mistrzów) w katedrze w Kwidzynie. Nowe propozycje możliwości interpretacyjnych

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Szczupak D.
Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
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2023
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vol. 321
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issue 2
199-217
EN
In 2007, a crypt was discovered in the cathedral of St. John the Evangelist in Kwidzyn. It hid the burial places of three men identified as three Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order. Fragments of textiles were found among their bone remains. After analysis, a reconstruction of the clothing from the northern and southern coffins started. However, there are reasons to reconsider this issue. Undoubtedly, ornamented fabrics were not used for the entire coat. They could only come from its parts. Some of those fabrics may have been used for a pillow, a mattress, belts, or a shroud. Fabrics without ornaments may be identified as remnants of a shawl collar of a coat, lining of a decorative element, a robe, chausses or headgear. Ribbons could be hems of a coat or robe sleeves, while a braided string might come from a prayer cord (“Paternoster”) or, more likely, fastened the coat just below the collarbone.
PL
W 2007 r. w katedrze św. Jana Ewangelisty w Kwidzynie odkryto kryptę z pochówkami trzech mężczyzn, których zidentyfikowano jako trzech wielkich mistrzów zakonu krzyżackiego. Pośród szczątków kostnych zalegały również fragmenty tekstyliów. Po ich analizie podjęto się zrekonstruowania odzieży z trumien północnej i południowej. Jednak istnieją przesłanki do przeprowadzenia ponownych rozważań na ten temat. Tkaniny ornamentowane bezsprzecznie nie zostały wykorzystane do uszycia w całości płaszcza, mogły pochodzić jedynie z jego elementu. Część z nich być może pochodziła z poduszki, materaca, pasków lub całunu. Tkaniny niezdobione można identyfikować jako pozostałości kołnierza szalowego płaszcza, podszewki elementu dekoracyjnego, sukni, nogawic, czy też nakrycia głowy. Z kolei wstążki mogły być obszywkami płaszcza lub rękawów sukni, a pleciony sznurek pochodził ze sznura modlitewnego („paternoster”) lub, co bardziej prawdopodobne, spinał płaszcz na wysokości nieco poniżej obojczyka.
4
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Stary Toruń – najstarszy i najdłużej funkcjonujący obiekt krzyżacki na ziemi chełmińskiej. Ranga – lokalizacja – forma architektoniczna

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Szczupak D.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2024
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vol. 89
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issue 3
5-39
EN
The Teutonic stronghold in Old Toruń (Pol. Stary Toruń), established in 1231, has been regularly referenced within the scholarly literature. Despite its prominence as one of the oldest and most enduring sites in Chełmno Land (Ger. Kulmerland), the scarcity of sources delineating its rank, location, and architectural form has hindered extensive research endeavours and likely contributed to the historical oversight of this significant stronghold. Nonetheless, existing archaeological findings, historiographical analyses, and written records offer some insights into the site’s characteristics. Between at least 1368 and 1418, Old Toruń served as the residence of the Teutonic Pfleger, and from 1436 to 1439, it functioned as the seat of the manor administrator. Both the initial stronghold and the subsequent brick castle were strategically positioned near the Vistula River. Two structures identified during non-invasive examinations conducted in 2017–2018 are proposed as potential locations for these edifices. The original fortification, constructed in 1231, likely featured wooden and earthen defences, an observation post, and a light timber-framed building. In contrast, the later castle predominantly comprised a brick Gemach, which possibly took the form of a tower house.
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