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PL
Nieustannie postępujące procesy globalizacyjne, zmieniające się oczekiwania klientów, nasilająca się konkurencja wymuszają na podmiotach gospodarczych ciągłą aktywność innowacyjną. Mimo że XXI wiek charakteryzuje się wzrostem gospodarczym i wprowadzaniem różnego rodzaju unowocześnień w sferze gospodarczej i społecznej, wraz ze wzrostem gospodarczym degradacji ulega środowisko naturalne, wyczerpują się zasoby naturalne i coraz silnej odczuwamy oddziaływanie zmian globalnego klimatu. Z tego względu nieuniknione jest zapotrzebowanie na innowacje ekologiczne, zwane również ekoinnowacjami, które mają na celu osłabienie bądź redukcję destrukcyjnych oddziaływań ludzkich. Głównym założeniem autorki jest przedstawienie istoty ekoinnowacji na przykładzie jednej z najbardziej innowacyjnych firm na rynku – firmy Volvo. Należy podkreślić, że firma dużą uwagę poświęca właśnie ekoinnowacjom, dzięki którym utrzymuje swoją silną pozycję na rynku.
EN
The constantly progressing globalization processes, changing customer expectations, and increasing competition force entities to be constantly innovative. The 21st century, on the one hand, is about sound economic growth and the launch of all sorts of modern amenities in both business and social sphere. On the other hand, intense growth has also entailed degradation of natural environment, depletion of natural resources and effects of the global climate change that grow more and more serious. For this reason, there is an inevitable need for ecological innovations, also known as eco-innovations, which are generally intended to reduce or even stop destructive impact of human activity. The author's main objective is to present the essence of eco-innovation on the example one of the most innovative companies on the market which is Volvo. It should be noted that the company also pays considerable attention to eco-innovation which enables it to maintain its strong market position.
EN
The processes of globalization, changing economic conditions and customer’s expectations are forcing economies and functioning in these entities to be ready for constant change and adaptation. Innovative activity and foresight can help them with this challenge. Thanks to innovative activity, innovative entrepreneurship is able to survive and overcome the threat of increasing competition. A similar effect can be attributed to the nature of the foresight essence. Overall, the key idea is to anticipate and prepare for the events, phenomena, processes or whatever needs to take place in the future. The purpose of this article is to attempt to characterize the innovation and foresight as determinants of economic viability, enabling adaptation to ongoing changes and occurring phenomena on the example of the Swedish economy, which is considered to be the one of the most innovative and competitive in the world.
EN
In many countries tax incentives are a popular means of realizing political, economic and social objectives. The main motive of their application is often to achieve and accelerate the selected activities in the public interest and also stimulate development of industry, and induce growth in research and investment. The key element that helps a company achieve a competitive advantage is innovation. Global competition forces the production of unique products and services. Tax incentives in science, research and development are important in stimulating innovation. The purpose of this article is to show the level of managerial awareness about R&D tax incentives, the level of R&D tax incentive usage by companies in Poland, and main obstacles that managers meet with R&D tax incentives in practice. We explore R&D tax incentives as a government instrument on R&D management and aim to find the reasons why Polish companies do not take advantage of them. We examine 275 companies using a semi-structured questi onnaire. Our findings suggest that many firms report lack of knowledge about such incentives, and firms find many obstacles to reach all of the requirements which are necessary to use the incentive. Due to our analysis we find that large firms, especially those that implement innovation, are more likely to use the tax incentives, but small and medium sized companies find more obstacle. The effect of this tax policy is significant mainly in large, high-tech sector firms.
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