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EN
Many arguments were used to account for the postulate of granting an individual the broad- est scope of the freedom of expression. Among them, a predominating and most pertinacious was a hypothesis that a free speech is especially precious as it leads to the revelation of the truth. The latter, however, will be brought to light when all the opinions are clearly expressed under the circumstances of a free and unregulated marketplace of ideas. A doctrine of a free marketplace of ideas, the beginning of which dates back to 1644, re- mains the most significant form of specification of the idea of the freedom of speech. It shapes international standards of speech freedom, not only in the world of the Western culture. The supreme courts in democratic countries (including the Polish Constitutional Tribune) refer to it, justifying their adjudications in cases in which the heart of the matter concerns the freedom of expression. It has been so despite numerous voices of criticism addressed at the doctrine in ques- tion for at least several dozen years. In the light of the above-mentioned, it seems necessary and intentional to present the origins, evolution and a practical application of a doctrine of “a free marketplace of ideas”.
EN
It seems that freedoms: freedom of speech and religious liberty, should be treated comprehensively and complementarily. Comprehensively – because complete fruition one of them implicates existing the other one. Complementarily – because the freedoms are interrelated/connected in such way that they could encourage/ support and limit each other. Obvious implication in this matter is frequent crossing of conflicts as well as connecting mentioned liberties (for example secular interests with sects interests, religious liberty with ideas concerning wounding of religious feelings; belief liberty with wounding of belief liberty through demonstration of opponents). On the one hand how the freedom of speech is pledge of secular state, on the other hand how the freedom of speech might be risk for it? I will try to answer this question, consisting in decisions of USA Supreme Court and European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg.
PL
Nie podlega kwestii, że „ochrona zdrowia” – jako przesłanka ustanawiania ograniczeń konstytucyjnych wolności i praw – była dotychczas przedmiotem zainteresowania nauki prawa jedynie wyjątkowo i okazjonalnie; głównie w kontekście ograniczeń swobody działalności gospodarczej. Dopiero pandemia SARS-CoV-2 w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej przyniosła szersze zainteresowanie omawianą kategorią, odnosząc ją w szerokim zakresie także do ograniczeń innej fundamentalnej wolności – swobody wypowiedzi. Biorąc pod uwagę powyższe, analiza ograniczeń wolności wypowiedzi, ustanawianych z uwagi na przesłankę ochrony zdrowia, wydaje się ze wszech miar uzasadniona i celowa.
EN
There is no question that “health protection” is the premise for the establishment of constitutional restrictions on rights and freedoms. It has been so far the subject of legal science only exceptionally and occasionally; mainly in the context of restrictions on the freedom of economic activity. It was only the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the Republic of Poland that brought a wider interest in this category, referring it also to the limitations of another fundamental freedom – freedom of expression. Considering the above, the analysis of legal limitations on the freedom of expression, imposed on the basis of the premise of health protection, seems to be by all means justified and purposeful.
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