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PL
Celem prezentowanego artykułu jest ukazanie założeń systemowych oraz realiów dotyczących kształcenia i doskonalenia nauczycieli w PRL w latach 70. 20 wieku. Autor zwraca uwagę, że system studiów dla pracujących zawierał w sobie wiele trudnych rozwiązań i ujawniał szereg niedoskonałości. Odnosi się to zwłaszcza do studiów zaocznych, które władze oświatowe w PRL-u uważały za formę kształcenia, nie zaś nauczania. Zasady ustrojowe PRL wywodzące się z teorii marksistowskiej uznającej potrzebę wszechstronnego rozwoju człowieka, również za ideał nauczyciela uważały takiego pedagoga, który potrafi zrealizować zadania wszechstronnego wychowania i wykształcenia ucznia, a więc nauczyciela mającego pełne wyższe wykształcenie. Dlatego też, w przeddzień zasadniczej reformy całego systemu kształcenia nauczycieli w Polsce z 1973 roku, za pilne zadanie uważano: rozwijanie umiejętności samodzielnej pracy umysłowej, wdrażanie do samodzielnych działań o charakterze badawczym, rozwijanie naukowego myślenia studiujących i umiejętności prezentowania wyników na piśmie. Organizacja i przebieg studiów zaocznych dla nauczycieli, odegrały ważną rolę w procesie kształcenia i doskonalenia kadr pedagogicznych w PRL-u.
EN
The aim of this article is to show systemic assumptions and realities of teachers’ education and improvement in the Polish People's Republic during the 1970 s. The author pays special attention to university courses for working adults. The system included a lot of difficult solutions and limitations in relation to the extramural courses offered. The authorities perceived them as a form of education not as a form of teaching. The systemic principles in the Polish People's Republic were derived from Marx's theory which approved the need for the versatile development of the individual. An ideal teacher was a person who could implement comprehensive educational tasks and educate a student. This meant that a teacher had to have a university diploma and all the required qualifications. Therefore, just before the main Polish educational reform in 1973 for teachers the key issues were the following: the development of skills for independent intellectual work, implementation of independent activities aiming at undertaking research, facilitating a disciplined way of thinking amongst the students, and their ability to present written results. The organization and implementation of extramural courses for teachers played an important role in the process of educating and improving pedagogical staff in the Polish People's Republic.
EN
This article focuses on the press discourse analysis concerning education and Polish school system in Belarus which took place in the period 2015–2017 in “Głos znad Niemna na uchodźstwie” (“A voice from the Neman River in Exile”) weekly. The situation of Poles as Polish people living abroad in the contemporary Belarus seems to be complicated. On one hand, they form big percentage of the society in Belarus, but on the other hand, a significant part of them has a difficulty to preserve Polish identity. Polish press in Belarus plays a vital role in the process of creation and development of national awareness. “Głos znad Niemna na uchodźstwie” weekly issued as the press organ of the Union of Poles in Belarus has been playing such a vital role for years. The discourse analysis has proved to be particularly helpful concerning some problematic issues of ethnic and national minorities. One should highlight the fact that the public discourse is used both for the formation and reinforcement of the national identity. We analyzed six selected papers concerning the education and Polish school system in Belarus in “Głos znad Niemna na uchodźstwie” weekly. We observed what topics concerning Polish education in Belarus are highlighted in the press, what the discourse construction is, types of used vocabulary and structures, what changes in readers’ behavior and mentality are obtained.
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