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EN
The attempts to describe a history of Polish conceptualism in a systematic way, have been until now undertaken in a very similar way. The studies have concentrated mainly on outlining a few artistic centres with connections to the trend. These studies were discussed both in publications from the eighties and nineties and in more recent ones. Only Bożena Kowalska in her book Artystyczno-spoleczna problematyka zrzeszen plastykow w Polsce w latach 1946-1976 (Artistic and social problems of artistic groups in Poland in 1946-1976) (1981) presented a broader panorama of artistic trends that emerged in the seventies. The history of Polish conceptualism mostly covers a narrow circle of galleries: the Foksal Gallery in Warsaw, Pod Mona Lisa and Permafo in Wrocław, and Akumulatory2 in Poznań; a separate place is taken by film and photographic activities. The Remont Gallery in Warsaw, which was active around the same time, was not historically analysed. Its activity has always been treated as marginal. Undoubtedly this was caused by the specific atmosphere of those times, personal relationships and (often wrong) opinions which influenced the works of critics later on. What I refer to is the stance taken by the Foksal Gallery towards more and more frequent activities of the neo avant-garde, which meant that the gallery was often accused of non-uniformity, ambiguity of motives, but also aggression and mockery of the avant-garde. The creator and founder of the Remont Gallery was Henryk Gajewski. The official date when the Gallery was opened was 1.04.1972, and the date it closed was 06.11.1979. For almost seven years it hosted prominent Polish and foreign artists; it published numerous but modest publications, organised international conferences, exhibitions and activities that crossed the official boundaries of art. The gallery, from the very beginning, had little in common with the traditional concept of an art gallery. Its programme was filled with meetings with known publicists, political, social and cultural discussions and exhibitions with modern photography. Thanks to its open formula, the projects were realised by artists coming from various milieux. In the programme it was underlined, that it was not a gallery of one group or trend. What is worth noting is the fact that it showed the works of artists recognised as the leading representatives of neo avant-garde and now often linked with different art centers. The activities of the Remont Gallery can be compared to the activities of such places as Pod Mona Lisą and Permafo, where the gallery space was used for 'new media' or actions from the border of audiovisual art. The Remont Gallery in the beginning, similarly to Permafo, showed experimental photography and photo-conceptualism (Lucjan Demindowski, Krzysztof Wojciechowski, Elzbieta Tejchman, Andrzej Jorczak, Andrzej Lachowicz, Antoni Mikolajczyk, Zygmunt Rytka and Henryk Gajewski). No other gallery in Warsaw was more dynamic and with such a diversified programme, which allows us to analyse its activity from the perspective of a variety of discourses situated on the border of conceptual, contextual art, performance, mail-art, photography, installation, body art, audio-art or happenings.
EN
The article concerns the newly adopted Act on Employee Capital Plans, which was adopted at the end of 2018, entered into force on 1 January 2019 and is to be implemented at the beginning of 2021. The article describes the origin of the adopted solution, objectives and solutions adopted in the Act. Finally, it describes the potential effects in the form of costs and benefits resulting from the Act.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy nowej ustawy o pracowniczych planach kapitałowych, która została przyjęta pod koniec 2018 r., weszła w życie 1.01.2019 r. i ma zostać wdrożona z początkiem 2021 r. Opisuje on genezę oraz ostateczny kształt przyjętych w ustawie rozwiązań prawnych w tym zakresie. Poza tym zostały w nim zaprezentowane potencjalne skutki - w postaci kosztów i korzyści - wynikające z uchwalenia ustawy.
EN
Background Fast progress in a lot of economic sectors has greatly contributed to a growing role of road transportation systems, including freight transport and passenger transport. The job of professional drivers is regarded as extremely hard and dangerous, it is associated with high risk of health loss and even life loss. This profession is also associated with mental burden, the main cause of the absence at work and alarming number of road accidents. The aim of study was to compare exposure to stress, check the level of stress and ways to cope with stress in 2 groups of drivers (N = 187). Material and Methods The study was carried out among public transport drivers and freight transport drivers. The authors’ own questionnaire and 2 psychological tests: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory and Inventory to Measure Coping Strategies with Stress (Mini-COPE) were used as the study tools. Results The level of stress is high in both groups, mostly due to a similar type of work. Both groups practice similar ways to cope with stress, but active ways predominate. Conclusions The work of a professional driver is considered as extremely stressful. The level of stress among professional drivers should be under continuous control. Employers should introduce preventive programs and educate employees about some professional ways to cope with stress. Med Pr 2016;67(4):455–466
PL
Wstęp Prężny rozwój licznych gałęzi gospodarki wpłynął na znaczny wzrost znaczenia transportu drogowego, zarówno towarowego, jak i pasażerskiego. Praca zawodowego kierowcy zaliczana jest do zawodów trudnych i niebezpiecznych ze względu na ryzyko narażenia zdrowia lub życia pracownika. Zawód ten wiąże się również z niekorzystnym i nadmiernym obciążeniem psychicznym, które wpływa zarówno na absencje w pracy, jak i na niepokojącą liczbę wypadków drogowych. Celem badania było porównanie narażenia na stres w 2 grupach kierowców, a także próba kompleksowej oceny nasilenia stresu w tych grupach zawodowych i określenie strategii radzenia sobie z nim. Materiał i metody Badanie zrealizowano wśród kierowców komunikacji miejskiej i kierowców samochodów dostawczych firmy transportowej. W analizie użyto autorskiej ankiety oraz 2 testów psychologicznych – Skali Odczuwanego Stresu (Perceived Stress Scale – PSS-10) i Inwentarza do Pomiaru Radzenia Sobie ze Stresem (Inventory to Measure Coping Strategies with Stress – Mini-COPE). W badaniu wzięło udział 187 osób. Wyniki Poziom stresu w obu badanych grupach okazał się wysoki. Badani z obu grup zawodowych stosują analogiczne strategie radzenia sobie ze stresem, w głównej mierze wykorzystując aktywne sposoby jego zwalczania. Wnioski Praca zawodowego kierowcy należy do zawodów stresujących, dlatego istnieje ciągła potrzeba kontrolowania tego sektora. Konieczne jest wdrażanie programów profilaktycznych mających na celu edukację pracowników w zakresie odpowiednich technik radzenia sobie ze stresem. Med. Pr. 2016;67(4):455–466
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