The article describes the politics of memory of the Soviet Union in post-soviet Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan (1991–2016). The analysis is based on the following documents: Presidents N. Nazarbaev and I. Karimov statements, their publications, the politics of commemoration and historical education in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan after 1991. Author tries to compare two national historical narrations over the Soviet regime and argues that Uzbeks and Kazakhs were used two different approach of criticism of soviet colonialism, related to their foreign policy towards Russia
RU
Статья описывает формирование исторической политики в отношении Со- ветского Союза в Казахстане и Узбекистане (1991–2016). Анализ базируется на нижеследующих источниках: выступлениях президентов Н. Назарбаева и И. Каримова, написанных ими книгах, коммеморативной политике в Ка- захстане и Узбекистане и историческом образовании в этих республиках по- сле 1991 года. Автор пытается сравнить две исторические наррации в отно- шении советского режима, приходя к выводу, что они расходятся в критике советского колониализма. Одновременно эти разные наррации тесно связа- ны с внешней политикой этих стран в отношении России.
The aim of the article is to characterize the changing attitude of the French elites towards Russia in consequence of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict that has been developing since February 24, 2022, and more broadly – to describe how the evolution of Paris’s current policy toward Moscow is perceived in France. This change is shown through the lens of the reaction of French political parties to the conflict, the assessment of this stance by the French media, and the scientific reflection of French academics on the current policy of the French establishment toward Russia. The article will verify the hypothesis that the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian war made France change its previously moderate stance toward Russia and gave a majority of the French elite cause to express their criticism of Moscow’s foreign policy more forcefully than before. This was facilitated by the electoral campaign preceding simultaneous presidential and parliamentary elections in France, which made it necessary for the political actors participating in the election race to evaluate the events taking place in Eastern Europe on an ongoing basis. The initial assumption that the French elites’ attitude towards Moscow is fundamentally different from the political thinking about Russia in Central European countries will also be verified, and confirmed even in an amended version. This is the case supposedly because France, which views Russia as a crucial guarantor of France’s strong international position, believes that Russia must be a part of the European security architecture in order to ensure the stability of the EU. With regard to France’s stance toward Russia in the wake of the conflict in Ukraine, the author’s goal is to reflect on the nature of the current French debate on the topic. This justifies considering, above all, the books published in France after February 24, 2022, and how they portray French-Russian relations.
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