Lichens, pioneer organisms which are fungal-algal associations, can grow on walls, buildings and historical monuments, forming colourful and strangely shaped mosaics. The three morphological types of lichens: crustose, foliose and fruticose, occur everywhere, even in extreme environments, notably in cold and hot deserts. They colonise rocks rapidly, in a period of 5-20 years or more. Lichens cause the physical and chemical weathering of mineral layers and significantly accelerate the deterioration of stonework. In order to p ro tect historical monuments, the organisms are removed from colonised surfaces and a repression of their development and renewed expansion is undertaken.
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