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CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING ANIMAL MODELS OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

100%
Farley D., Matysiak J., Trojan M.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
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2006
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vol. 14
7-30
EN
Animal models are very popular in medicine, including psychiatry, having the potential to provide a better understanding of various facets of the course, etiology and treatment of disorders. One of the disorders authors have been focusing their attention on is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In order to provide appropriate information about the disorder the model has to meet several criteria. It has been postulated that even very brief stressors should be capable of inducing biological and behavioural symptoms of PTSD, that the stressor should be capable of inducing the symptoms in a dose-dependent manner, that the symptoms should persist over time or even become more pronounced, that the stressor should induce alterations that have the potential for bi-directional expression; enhanced (hyperarousal) and reduced (avoidance and/or numbing) responsiveness to environmental stimuli which recall the initial trauma and that interindividual variability in response to a stressor should be present either as a function of experience, genetics, or an interaction of the two. Researchers use a variety of stressors to induce PTSD-like symptoms in animals most of which are uncontrollable and unescapable. Both human and animal reactions to threats bear a high degree of similarity. The symptoms observed in animals exposed to a threatening situation resemble those observed in PTSD patients and include behavioural and physiological stress symptoms, avoidance of stimuli associated with an aversive experience, analgesia, disrupted sleep patterns, increased aggressive behaviour, hyperarousal and exaggerated startle response. In the article a number of models of PTSD are being evaluated as to whether they meet the criteria of an ideal model. The criterion most rarely met is taking into account individual differences in the vulnerability to PTSD.
2

EFFECTS OF HANDLING ON EXPLORATORY AND EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR OF MALE AND FEMALE LEWIS RATS

100%
Matysiak J., Farley D., Trojan M., Osinski J.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
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2007
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vol. 15
75-88
EN
Exploration is considered to be a form of spontaneous activity and it seems to be a stable and phylogeniticaly old phenomenon. In laboratory conditions, many different methods are applied for measurement of activity motivated by need for stimulation. In our experiment we have decided to apply battery of tests - open field, elevated cross-maze and self-exposure chamber, assuming that these tests most fully and complementary measure various aspects of exploratory activity. Experimental factors influencing exploration activity which we decided to test are variables 'handling' and 'sex'. Obtained results show appropriate selection of research methods. An additive effect of experimental factors on indicators of exploratory behavior as well as on emotional behavior, except number of urinations in open field test and lack of interaction of 'handling' and 'sex' factors seems to support postulate of conducting research on mixed samples of males and females. Our results also confirm earlier signaled, existence of two independent motivational systems: one regulating behavior, aimed at new stimuli (expressed by alternation) and second adjusting general level of exploratory activity.
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