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Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie poziomu rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego Niemiec

100%
Środa-Murawska S.
Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy
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2013
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issue 31
308-317
PL
W dniu 3 października 1990 roku nastąpiło zjednoczenie rozdzielonych przez okres prawie 50 lat obu części Niemiec: Niemieckiej Republiki Demokratycznej – pozostającej pod wpływem gospodarki socjalistycznej i Republiki Federalnej Niemiec – przynależącej do krajów gospodarki rynkowej. Od tego momentu na terenie nowych landów utworzonych na obszarze byłej NRD zaczęto wprowadzać gospodarkę rynkową, a władze ponownie scalonego państwa rozpoczęły proces niwelowania ogromnych różnic w poziomie rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego obu części Niemiec. Celem niniejszego opracowania była analiza i ocena przestrzennego zróżnicowania poziomu rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego Niemiec w roku 2010, a więc 20 lat po zjednoczeniu obu państw. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że w przestrzeni Niemiec nadal wyodrębnia się granica niemiecko-niemiecka i w zasadzie cały obszar byłej Niemieckiej Republiki Demokratycznej cechuje niższy poziom rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego. Wykazane różnice pomiędzy najlepiej i najsłabiej rozwiniętymi jednostkami administracyjnymi mogą być interpre-towane jako wyraz polaryzacji rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego regionu Niemiec, a okres 20 lat jest jeszcze zbyt krótki, aby można mówić o małym zróżnicowaniu obu części Niemiec w odnie-sieniu do poziomu rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego.
EN
On 3 October 1990, two German states, the socialist German Democratic Republic and the capitalist Federal Republic of Germany, unified after almost 50 years of separation. In the Länder re-established in the former GDR a market economy started to be implemented and the government of the new German state launched initiatives to eliminate the huge gaps between the levels of socio-economic development in eastern and western Germany. This article analyzes and evaluates the Federal Republic of Germany with respect to spatial variations in its socio-economic development that still persisted in 2010, i.e. 20 years after official unification. The conclusion arising from the research is that the German-German border still divides the territory of the unified state and that basically the whole of the former GDR is at a lower level of socio-economic development. The highlighted differences between the best and the least developed administrative units in the country can be interpreted as an expression of polarization in its development. At the same time, though, the period of 20 years is too short to expect the differences to be small.
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The concentration of the creative sector firms as a potential basis for the formation of creative clusters in Poland

63%
Środa-Murawska S., Szymańska D.
Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series
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2013
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vol. 20
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issue 20
85-93
EN
The study aims to present the structure and analyse the distribution of economic activities comprising the creative sector (covering 10 sections of PKD 2007 - the Polish Classification of Activities based on NACE rev. 2 - the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community) of the Polish economy in the context of the potential basis for the formation of creative clusters in Poland. The study concentrates on the numbers of creative firms based in all 3,076 Polish gminas (306 urban gminas, 1,576 rural gminas and 597 urban-rural gminas; in the latter, 597 urban areas and 597 rural areas are considered separately). As found, most of the firms are involved in architectural and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis (M 71) and other professional, scientific and technical activities (M 74). It has also been established that some local incubators of the potential clusters of creative industries form eight distinct centres, the most prominent of which is the Warszawa centre. The identification of areas with higher concentrations of creative firms has demonstrated that in Poland, like in western countries, creative firms tend to locate in large cities (Warszawa, Kraków, Poznań, Wrocław and Tri-City) and in the regions around them.
3
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EVALUATION OF TRENDS IN FOREIGN TRADE DEVELOPMENT IN THE POST-COMMUNIST COUNTRIES OF EUROPE IN THE YEARS 2000–2012 FOLLOWING THEIR ACCESSION TO THE EU

51%
Cieślik E., Biegańska J., Środa-Murawska S.
Quaestiones Geographicae
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2016
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vol. 35
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issue 4
35-48
EN
This paper seeks to analyse directions in foreign trade in the post communist countries of Europe over the years 2000–2012 in the context of changes observed in other EU states. It was assumed that changes in the directions of foreign trade in post-communist states would be similar to those noted in Western Europe. On the basis of data derived from the OECD, EUROSTAT and OECD-WTO we show that the trading rules used by the old EU-15 adopted by those countries have brought them measurable benefits. As a result, the post-communist economies have become similar to those of the EU-15. Considering the structure of their trade and links with the EU-15, it is apparent that they have become the main trading and investment partners for the European Union. Hence, their integration with the EU structures made their development faster, but also made them more sensitive to industrial and demand shocks coming from the eurozone. It is predicted that the present model is not going to change, especially in the context of the participation in production networks.
4
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Współpraca partnerska wybranych małych miast w Polsce

51%
Dąbrowski L. S., Środa-Murawska S., Smoliński P.
Space – Society – Economy
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2019
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issue 28
29-44
EN
The idea of sister cities has been developed since the end of World War II. Within its framework, cities pursue common economic, social or cultural goals. Until now, twinning between cities has been described mainly in the context of large and medium-sized cities. This article fills a gap in research on international cooperation between small towns. The aim of the study was to determine the quantitative and spatial dimension of partnerships concluded by selected small towns (from 10 000 to 15 000 inhabitants) in Poland. The next part of the work was carried out on the example of a small town – Nowe Miasto Lubawskie. The importance of partnership cooperation was evaluated. The impact of the idea of partner cities on the functioning and development of a small town was also assessed. It was shown that analysed small towns differ in terms of the number of partnership agreements signed. The most frequent partners are cities from the nearest geographical area – Germany, Czech Republic and Ukraine. The analysis of partnership agreements shows that the idea of sister cities is very important for small towns in Poland.
PL
Idea miast partnerskich jest koncepcją rozwijaną od czasu zakończenia II wojny światowej. W jej ramach miasta realizują wspólne cele gospodarcze, społeczne czy kulturowe. Do tej pory współpraca partnerska między miastami opisywana była głównie w kontekście miast dużych i średnich. W niniejszym artykule wypełniono lukę w badaniach współpracy międzynarodowej miast małych. Celem opracowania jest określenie ilościowego i przestrzennego wymiaru partnerstw zawartych przez wybrane małe miasta (od 10 000 do 15 000 mieszkańców) w Polsce. Ponadto dokonano oceny znaczenia współpracy partnerskiej oraz zakresu oddziaływania idei miast partnerskich na funkcjonowanie i rozwój małego miasta na przykładzie Nowego Miasta Lubawskiego. Wykazano, że analizowane małe miasta różnicują się pod względem liczby zawartych umów partnerskich, a najczęstszymi partnerami są miasta z najbliższej przestrzeni geograficznej – Niemiec, Czech i Ukrainy. Analiza treści umów partnerskich wskazuje, że cele nawiązywanej współpracy świadczą o bardzo dużym znaczeniu partnerstw dla małych miast w Polsce.
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Uczestnictwo w kulturze w małym mieście. Perspektywa pokolenia Z

51%
Smoliński P., Środa-Murawska S., Grzelak-Kostulska E.
Space – Society – Economy
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2019
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issue 28
45-69
EN
In contemporary world cultural sector is a panacea for cities development problems, it can also be a socio-economic city’s development stimulator (culture-led development). The presence of culture makes degraded areas more attractive, and it is also a factor that attracts highly qualified social capital. Culture is an instrument that allows revitalization of post-industrial urban areas, as well as a tool that works well in urban regeneration activities. However, its potential cannot be used if it plays only a marginal role in the life of the community. Therefore, the aim of the study was to recognize the extent of participation of representatives of generation Z in activities related to the cultural sector. That activity was understood as usage of cultural institutions located in the city or participation in the activities of cultural organizations operating in Nowe Miasto Lubawskie, a small poviat town located in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. For this reason also respondent opinions of municipal cultural institutions functioning were analysed. According to the initial assumptions, among the respondents dominate mainly passive participation in culture. The most common activity identified with cultural sector including above: daily listening to music, watching TV or reading books. Occasionally, the respondents use the offer of the theatre or cinema, due to that they go to larger cities. Specific model of participation in culture is caused by difficult accessibility and inadequate adjustment of the cultural sector’s offer to the small town inhabitants’ needs. Tested Generation Z deal with that problem within technological skills, which allows them to eliminate those limits.
PL
We współczesnym świecie sektor kultury może być wykorzystany jako panaceum na problemy związane z rozwojem miast i jako stymulator rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego miasta (culture-led development). Obecność kultury uatrakcyjnia zdegradowane obszary, ponadto jest czynnikiem przyciągającym wysoko wykwalifikowany kapitał społeczny. Kultura jest instrumentem, który pozwala na regenerację miejskich terenów poprzemysłowych, a także narzędziem, które doskonale sprawdza się w działaniach rewitalizacyjnych obszarów miejskich. Nie da się jednak wykorzystać jej potencjału, jeżeli odgrywa w życiu społeczności tylko marginalną rolę. Dlatego też celem badania było rozpoznanie zakresu uczestnictwa przedstawicieli pokolenia Z w działaniach związanych z sektorem kultury. Owe uczestnictwo rozumiane było jako m.in. korzystanie z instytucji kultury zlokalizowanych na terenie Nowego Miasta Lubawskiego, niewielkiego ośrodka powiatowego zlokalizowanego w województwie warmińsko-mazurskim. Z tego względu analizie poddano także opinie respondentów dotyczące funkcjonowania miejskich placówek kultury. Zgodnie ze wstępnymi założeniami wśród ankietowanych dominuje głównie bierne uczestnictwo w kulturze. Do najczęstszych aktywności respondentów, identyfikowanych z sektorem kultury, należą przede wszystkim codzienne słuchanie muzyki, oglądanie telewizji czy też czytanie książek. Sporadycznie badani korzystają z oferty teatru czy kina, w tym celu udają się do większych miast. Specyficzny model partycypacji w kulturze spowodowany jest utrudnioną dostępnością oraz nieadekwatnym dopasowaniem oferty sektora kultury do potrzeb mieszkańców małego miasta. Badane pokolenie Z radzi sobie z tym problemem dzięki umiejętnościom technologicznym, pozwalającym na eliminowanie wskazanych ograniczeń.
6
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Peri-Urban Development as a Significant Rural Development Trend

51%
Biegańska J., Środa-Murawska S., Kruzmetra Z., Swiaczny F.
Quaestiones Geographicae
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2018
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vol. 37
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issue 2
EN
The paper focuses on demographic and social changes caused by peri-urban development in rural areas in Latvia, Poland, and Germany after the system transformation began. The article analyses peri-urban development as a mostly rural phenomenon, and as a process of rural displacement. Rural development interacts with urban influences, changing the role and functions of rural areas. This is reflected by a departure from agricultural functions, more intensive construction activities and changes in land use. This also includes intensive socio-demographic and socio-cultural changes. Simultaneously there are significant population inflows, both urban and rural (from more peripheral rural areas), an increase in population density, changes of population structure etc. The paper shows that peri-urban development as a general rural trend began later in the countries of Eastern and Central Europe (after the transformation) than in Western Europe, but the processes and phenomena presently observed in Eastern and Western Europe are similar.
7
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Internal Migration in Germany in 1990 And 2005

51%
Szymańska D., Środa-Murawska S., Świderska K., Adamiak C.
Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series
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2009
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vol. 12
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issue 12
109-120
EN
The article seeks to answer the questions concerning the possibility of identifying regular patterns within internal migration in the towns and rural areas of the Federal Republic of Germany as well as factors contributing to regional variations in the process. The research involves 439 German counties (Kreise) and compares data on internal migration in the country in the years 1991 and 2005, i.e. from its reunification until the year 2005. The 15-year period of functioning of one reunited state has been assumed sufficient for capturing some regularities and trends.
8
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Germany - Two Demographically Different States?

51%
Szymańska D., Środa-Murawska S., Biegańska J.
Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series
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2008
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vol. 10
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issue 10
85-92
EN
The paper is an attempt of an answer how belonging to different political, economical and cultural structures has influenced diverse population processes and structures and their spatial diversity. As an example to the research of these phenomena there was chosen Germany that until 1990 were two separated socio-political and economical formations (the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the Federal Republic of Germany FRG). This state, with a population number about 82 millions presently, as it turns out - besides passage of time - is characterized all the time by some diversity of procreation behaviors, population processes and structures in the Eastern (Ost) and the Western part (West) of Germany. It is claimed, the structures are going to some similarities, but the 15 years period (1990-2005) was too short to level all stated demographical differences and trends (1).
9
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Peri-Urban Development as a Significant Rural Development Trend

51%
Biegańska J., Środa-Murawska S., Kruzmetra Z., Swiaczny F.
Quaestiones Geographicae
|
2018
|
vol. 37
|
issue 2
EN
The paper focuses on demographic and social changes caused by peri-urban development in rural areas in Latvia, Poland, and Germany after the system transformation began. The article analyses peri-urban development as a mostly rural phenomenon, and as a process of rural displacement. Rural development interacts with urban influences, changing the role and functions of rural areas. This is reflected by a departure from agricultural functions, more intensive construction activities and changes in land use. This also includes intensive socio-demographic and socio-cultural changes. Simultaneously there are significant population inflows, both urban and rural (from more peripheral rural areas), an increase in population density, changes of population structure etc. The paper shows that peri-urban development as a general rural trend began later in the countries of Eastern and Central Europe (after the transformation) than in Western Europe, but the processes and phenomena presently observed in Eastern and Western Europe are similar.
10
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Środowisko przyrodnicze a planowanie przestrzenne

45%
Rogatka K., Środa-Murawska S., Biegańska J., Grzelak-Kostulska E., Chodkowska-Miszczuk J.
Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy
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2015
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issue 43
302-312
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza i ocena procesu planistycznego w kontekście kwestii związanych ze środowiskiem przyrodniczym. Środowisko przyrodnicze jest z jednej strony istotnym elementem umożliwiającym rozwój społeczno-gospodarczy sensu largo, a z drugiej strony wpływa ono znacząco na jakość życia mieszkańców, w sposób oczywisty podnosząc jej poziom. Dlatego też właściwe kształtowanie środowiska jest szczególnie istotne i powinno być kluczowym elementem prowadzonej przez władze polityki miejskiej. Ponadto idea dbałości o środowisko, zgodna jest z założeniami rozwoju zrównoważonego (sustainable development) oraz z popularnymi trendami, które zachęcają do kształtowania miast w typie eko i generalnie do prowadzenia eko-życia.
EN
The paper aims at analyzing and evaluating the process of spatial planning in the context of issues related to natural environment. The natural environment is, on the one hand, significant element enabling socio-economic development, on the other hand, it has impact on the quality of life of inhabitants, clearly increasing its level. Therefore, the proper planning of natural environment is extremely important and it should be crucial element of urban policy created by authorities. What is more, the idea of taking care on natural environment is coherent with the objectives of sustainable development and with generally popular trends which encourage to form eco-cities and to conduct eco-life.
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