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1
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Personalizm etyczny. Różnice i podobieństwa w relacji do personalizmu tradycyjnego

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Czekajewska J.
Filo-Sofija
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2008
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vol. 8
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issue 8
179-188
EN
Personalism is commonly thought of as one of the most important standpoints in the history of ethical thought. Nevertheless, it is difficult to give a precise definition of the term due to numerous and often intermingling varieties of personalistic thought, for example, Christian, radical, or liberal personalism, to mention a few. The aim of the present paper is a more detailed analysis of personalistic theory. The problem is important as personalism, next to utilitarianism, is one of the most influential ethical currents nowadays.
2
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Godność osoby umierającej powinnością moralną w medycynie

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Czekajewska J.
Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae
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2018
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vol. 16
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issue 1
27-35
EN
n the Christian tradition, the concept of ‘dignity’ derives from natural law. According to St. Thomas Aquinas, every human being preserves inherent dignity throughout life because it comes from God. In line with this thought is the view that the gift of dignity cannot be taken away. Even various forms of aggression and hatred are not capable of destroying humanity; in other words, they cannot deprive man of this most precious value. In the interest of spiritual development, philosophers and theologians urge adherence to moral standards. Actions based on an ethical foundation teach responsibility and thus are important to respect. This article on human dignity explores these ideas through the example of medical care for chronically and terminally ill patients. I not only focus on palliative care but also explain how to care for a dying person while respecting his or her rights as a patient, especially the right to a decent and peaceful death.
PL
W tradycji chrześcijańskiej pojęcie „godności” wynika z prawa naturalnego. Według św. Tomasza z Akwinu każdy człowiek zachowuje swoją przyrodzoną godność, ponieważ pochodzi ona od Boga. Adekwatny z tą myślą jest pogląd, że dar godności nie można nikomu odebrać. Nawet różne formy przejawu agresji i nienawiści nie są w stanie unicestwić człowieczeństwa, innymi słowy nie mogą one pozbawić człowieka tej najcenniejszej wartości. W trosce o rozwój duchowy filozofowie i teolodzy nakłaniają do postępowania zgodnie z moralnymi standardami. Czyny oparte na etycznym fundamencie uczą odpowiedzialności, dlatego są tak ważne, aby je przestrzegać. W artykule temat godności człowieka uzasadniam na przykładzie opieki medycznej nad pacjentem chorym chronicznie i terminalnie. W pracy nie tylko przedstawiam najważniejsze założenia opieki paliatywnej, ale także wyjaśniam w jaki sposób można troszczyć się o osobę umierającą, respektując przy tym jej prawa jako pacjenta, a szczególnie prawo do godnej i spokojnej śmierci.
3
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Cena za macierzyństwo. Moralno-prawne kontrowersje wokół rodzicielstwa zastępczego

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Czekajewska J.
Filo-Sofija
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2009
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vol. 9
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issue 9
189-198
EN
In bioethical literature surrogate maternity is understood as a method within a range of techniques of medically supported procreation. It is not an independent technique of artificial insemination but it is considered as being made up of various ways of supported reproduction. The ethical assessment of surrogate maternity cannot be deprived of moral and legal analysis. The Polish law has not introduced any regulations on the issue so far, thus leaving it without an answer. The aim of my work is to consider social, ethical and deontonomic aspects of the subject matter and in this way to draw attention to its importance and bring it to a discussion leading to the introduction of the appropriate medical and legal regulations.
4
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Szacunek dla autonomii kobiety ciężarnej a wolność sumienia lekarza. Etyczne konsekwencje odmowy wykonania świadczeń zdrowotnych przez pracowników służby zdrowia

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Czekajewska J.
Kultura i Edukacja
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2016
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issue 3(113)
33-46
EN
The reason of moral conflict between a pregnant woman and a doctor is incorrect understanding principles of ethics and medical provisions. The erroneous course of reasoning often is leading to the contradiction heading fundamental assumption of medical ethics. According to the right to autonomy the acceptance of individual beliefs of the patient is the same important as the concern for her health, therefore one should treat the expectant mother with the respect respecting the sovereignty for her. In spite of the possibility of expressing the own opinion, the liberty of the subject cannot disturb the conscience of the doctor. Every man irrespective of the performed profession has the right to own beliefs, so the doctor can refuse to carry determined medical benefits out because of reported ethical doubts. In the article I’m going to establish the terms and what type of the benefits to explain are medical compulsory for a health service employee. To the purpose of the presentation of ethical problems of the medical conscience clause I will refer to example of abortion.
5
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Ethical Aspects of the Conscience Clause in Polish Medical Law

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Czekajewska J.
Kultura i Edukacja
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2018
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issue 4(122)
206-220
EN
In Polish medical law, the conscience clause is understood as both a moral and legal norm which gives consent to selected medical professions (doctors, nurses, midwives, and laboratory technicians) to withdraw certain activities due to ethical objections. The explanation given for the conscience clause is not sufficient. There is no detailed information on the difference between compulsory and authorized benefits and the conditions for resignation from medical treatment. These problems not only lead to interpretational errors, but also to the abuse of law. Medical attorneys, among others, Andrzej Zoll, Mirosław Nesterowicz, Leszek Bosek and Eleonora Zielińska, present different opinions on the understanding of refusal to perform health care services by health care workers, and the lack of agreement leads to conflicts. In this article, I compare the views of ethicists and lawyers on the conscience clause. I present differences in the interpretation of medical law, and to all considerations I add my own opinion.
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