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EN
In the article, I take into consideration a series of Karel Čapek’s letters, which deliver a charming and cheerful evidence of his travel experiences resulted from his visits in various parts of Europe. In order to unveil the Czech writer’s originality regarding the poetics of travelogue, I refer to a number of figures, which are to organize his peculiar epistolary idiom. Čapek’s style is, therefore, determined by irony which turns out to be streaked with subsequent rhetorical devices such as litotes, correction, and self-correction linked with elliptical presence of aposiopesis. What is more, the Czech writer invests in the so-called variant manner of writing, due to which his letters instead of the common travel knowledge provides the reader with descriptions concerning details: from the traditional point of view, they might be perceived as meaningless facts, however, in Čapek letters they are transformed into individual, unique, and exceptional events, which are to remain in the reader’s consciousness.
EN
Between a castling move and non-existence: Milan Kundera’s self-quarreling death The article is initiated by an introductory assumption regarding the funeral structure of writing which, in the process of its self-constitution, always has to face the absence of its content being a subject of thematization. Maintaining the aforementioned assumption and referring to certain philosophical contexts (Heidegger, Lévinas, Derrida), the author tends to concentrate subsequently on Agnes, the elliptical character of Immortality, since she is perceived as an embodiment of being realized between a strategy of a castling move and a desire of non-existence. In order to accomplish this desire, Agnes conducts a peculiar game of subtraction, consisting in the gradual erasing of the traces of her own existence. The final event of splitting up with the world means, therefore, a definitive gesture of withdrawing from mankind with which Agnes cannot neither reconcile nor identify.
CS
Mezi rošádou a nebytim: Kunderovo hádání se smrti Vstupním předpolkadem tohoto článku je existence funerální struktury pisma, které vzniká vždy za nepřítomnosti obsahu, jenž je předmětem tematizace. Pokud to příjmeme jako fakt a budeme na tento předpoklad aplikovat tanatické filozofické kontexty (Heidegger, Lévinas, Derrida), budeme se moci plně soustředit na eliptické hrdince Nesmrtelnosti, protože ztělesňuje existenci rozprostírajicí se mezi strategií šachové rošády a touhou po nebytí. Na cestě spějíci k realizaci této touhy Ahnes propadá hře spočívajicí v postupném zatracování vlastní existence. Závěrečné rozloučení Agnes se světem symbolizuje její konečné odmítnutí lidstva, se kterým se nedokáže vyrovnat nebo identifikovat. Směřováni hrdinky k nebyti je tedy literárním konstruktem, prostřednictvím kterého Kundera kriticky nahlíži na lidský druh a vynikajicim způsobem reviduje konvenčni pohledy na vlastnosti, které jsou lidem píipisovány.
Bohemistyka
|
2018
|
issue 2
105-136
EN
Miniature urban-tourist perspectives of Karel Čapek – in the essay, I make an attempt to cast some light on the Czech writer’s affection for detail of which poetics wields a description of space discovered by the author of Hordubal during his European voyages. Derived from a concept of “small nation”, interpreted – on the contrary to Milan Kundera – in the spirit of affirmation, this affection is expressed by a specific rhetorical dialectics of litotes and hyperbole which generates a narrative about small and often one-time “memorials” to the places visited by Čapek.
PL
Miniaturowe perspektywy urbanistyczno-krajoznawcze Karela Čapka – w eseju próbuję rzucić nieco światła na umiłowanie detalu władającego opisem przestrzeni odkrywanej przez twórcę Hordubala w czasie jego europejskich wojaży. Wywiedzione z koncepcji „małego narodu”, interpretowanej – w przeciwieństwie do Milana Kundery – w duchu afirmacji, umiłowanie to wyrażane jest poprzez szczególną retoryczną dialektykę litoty oraz hiperboli, która wytwarza narrację o małych, często jednorazowych „pomnikach” miejsc przez Čapka odwiedzanych.
PL
In the essay, I make an attempt to present several ways, in which the Western canon of literature, music, and cinema has influenced Noc Walpurgi. With regard to this, Marcin Bortkiewicz’s film turns out to be a work made of many citations, in Walter Benjamin’s terms, drawn extensively on Goethe’s Faust, Mann’s The Magic Mountain, Bulgakov’s The Master and Margarita, Wagner’s Ride of the Valkyries, and Puccini’s Turandot, and the film noir poetics elaborated in the 40s and 50s of the twentieth century. Based on Magdalena Gauer’s monodrama Diva, Noc Walpurgi illuminates in the highly expressionist manner an alienated, cynical, and despotic psyche of Nora Sadler, a great opera singer, who is tormented by the Holocaust past.
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PL
In the article, I have decided to sketch a brief portrait of the most significant Russian formalist Viktor Shklovsky. In order to comment upon his contribution to the development of literary theory, I cast some light on his original term ostranenie (estrangement, defamiliarization), which allows the formalist to expose the essential features of writing based on unlimited changes of the plot: they always assume a participation of irony, parody, and reinvention in art. The listed devices determine the progress in literature, which makes use of the old conventions to create new ones what occurs in the course of transgressing consolidated forms and functions. What is more, the process of transgression (or – to be more precise – self-transgression) is manifested by a disruptive activity of irony at the same time collaborating with literary traditions and thwarting them with the force of the eternal, perpetual reinvention.
EN
This essay – actually a scientific article included in the frame composition – is devoted to the innovative interpretation of literary agon in terms of the knight ethos on the background of Harold Bloom’s “anxiety of influence”, additionally enriched with references to Aeschylus’ and Eurypide’s “duel” in the Frogs by Aristophanes. On theoretical and methodological ground, the main research path is associated with an additional interpretation of Harold Bloom’s idea of intervals.
PL
Esej skupia się na ogólnym przedstawieniu kwestii kryzysu dotykającego humanistykę, ukazując ów kryzys z perspektywy kilku współczesnych projektów interdyscyplinarnych. W świetle proponowanych przez projekty te rozstrzygnięć uderza złożoność pojmowania idei samego kryzysu (wraz z jego skądinąd nierozstrzygalną definicją), który bywa postrzegany jako niezwykłe źródło energii stymulującej rozwój ludzkiej myśli, jaki odbija się w różnych dykursach akademickich (w tym literaturoznawczych). W celu ponownego przemyślenia nowych możliwości, sugerowanych przez współczesnych badaczy, zdecydowałam się na przypomnienie atopii (lansowanej w pismach Barthes’a), która płynnie wiedzie w kierunku tzw. zwrotu performatywnego (manifestowanego w „późnej” dekonstrukcji Derridy), aby następnie poprowadzić ku poetyce doświadczenia (obecnej między innymi w krytyce somatycznej oraz somaestetyce) oraz ku poetyce kulturowej reprezentowanej przez amerykańską szkołę Greenblatta.
RU
Эссе сосредоточен на общем представлении вопроса кризиса, затрагивающего гуманитарные науки, показывая кризис с точки зрения ряда современных интердисциплинарнарных проектов. С учетом предлагаемых этими проектами решении поражает сложность интерпретации идеи самого кризиса (наряду с его неразрешимым иначе определением), который воспринимается как чрезвычайный источник энергии, который стимулирует развитие человеческой мысли, что находит отражение в различных академических дискурсах (в том числе и литературоведении). Для того, чтобы переосмыслить новые возможности, предложенные современными учеными, я решила напомнить атопию (выдвинутую в трудах Барта), которая плавно ведет в так называемый перформативный поворот (демонстрированный в „поздней” деконструкции Деррида), чтобы затем приводит к поэтике опыта (среди других присутствующей в соматической критике и cомаэстетике ) и к культурной поэтике, представленной американской школой Гринблэттa.
XX
In the essay, a crucial issue of crisis concerning the human studies is presented from the view-point of several interdisciplinary procedures, according to which the convoluted content of the crisis itself (along with its impossible term) is regarded as an extra-ordinary energy stimulating the development of the human thought, expressed either in/by literature or academic discourses. In order to reconsider the new possibilities for the human studies, offered by the contemporary thinkers, I have decided to cast same light on Barthes’s idea of atopy, which fluently leads towards the so called performative turn (via late Derrida’s deconstruction) and subsequently to the poetics of experience (including the somatic criticism and somaesthetics) and cultural poetics, represented by the Greenblatt school.
EN
In the essay, the titular problem of old age is related to the great literary canon, within which the history of novel is established and developed. The canon itself, in terms of H. Bloom, means a perpetual and creative source of struggle against the literary traditions’ influence, which is also to shape Kundera’s novels and essays. Thus the old age is conceived as abroad metaphor consisting of the great works of the great precursors, who invented us along with our modern world. Furthermore, Kundera allows his readers to associate the old age motif with awide range of often opposite properties alike slowness, carefulness, lightness, triviality, laughter, transparence, non-presence, or non-essence, etc. These properties are rendered by aseries of the writer’s favorite figures, to which belong: irony, ellipsis, and litotes that are to determine the central motif of vis comica inherited by Kundera from his masters, Cervantes, Rabelais, Diderot, and Sterne.
CS
V článku je problematika stáří konfrontována s evropským literárním kánonem, který obsahuje avytváří dějiny evropského románu. Tento kánon, v souladu s teorií Harolda Blooma, tvoří nekonečný tvůrčí zdroj boje s literární tradicí, boje, který se rovněž zrcadlí v románech Milana Kundery. V jeho díle je stáří zobrazeno jako široce chápaná metafora děl velkých spisovatelů, kteří jsou zodpovědni za obraz současného světa. Kundera pracuje s motivem stáří asrovnává ho s celou škálou témat, která ho zajímají, tzn. s retardací, opatrností, lehkostí, triviálností, humorem, průhledností, nepřítomostí, bezvýznamností apod. K zobrazení těchto témat využívá své oblíbené figury: ironii, elipsu alitotésu, které determinují problematiku vis comica, přejatou od oblíbených předchůdců. Jsou mezi nimi Cervantes, Rabelais, Diderot aSterne.
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