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PL
The paper is devoted to the issue of lobbying. It attempts to define the notion as well as it discusses legal regulations of this social phenomenon both in the USAand in several countries of the European Union. This provides a background for the presentation of a draft act on lobbying drawn by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration in 2003. The author discusses the provisions of the legal act one by one simultaneously submitting his motions de lege ferenda.
EN
The mass character of academic education, coupled with easy access to the enormous number of sources and studies available on the Internet has resulted in an epidemic of copyright infringement. As of October 1, 2014, higher education institutions in Poland have been required to check students’ final dissertations before the final exam with anti-plagiarism software compatible with the national repository of final dissertations. The paper undertakes to clarify the issues of how these IT systems operate and what their importance is as concerns the legal consequences of inadmissible borrowings detected. The issue of the right to quote in Polish copyright law is discussed. Anti-plagiarism software provides a useful, albeit imperfect instrument. It is obvious that no academic advisor or reviewer is able to detect all the borrowings from other works which these systems are able to do. Their shortcomings, however, include the as yet limited database of materials for comparison. The system can also be easily tricked. More important, however, is the fact that these systems are not able to fully account for the specific nature and the essence of copyright protection. They can provide a useful solution, capable of detecting unethical practice, but the outcomes have to be verified by an academic advisor.
PL
Masowość kształcenia akademickiego, a zwłaszcza możliwość łatwego dostępu do ogromnego bogactwa źródeł i opracowań dostępnych w internecie, spowodowały, że przypadki naruszenia praw autorskich są nagminne. Począwszy od 1 października 2014 r. szkoły wyższe w Polsce zostały zobowiązane do sprawdzania pisemnych prac dyplomowych przed egzaminem dyplomowym z wykorzystaniem programów antyplagiatowych współpracujących z ogólnopolskim repozytorium pisemnych prac dyplomowych. Artykuł podejmuje próbę wyjaśnienia wątpliwości w jaki sposób te systemy informatyczne funkcjonują i jakie jest ich znaczenie, jeżeli chodzi o konsekwencje prawne wykrytych niedopuszczalnych zapożyczyć. Poruszono kwestię prawa cytatu w polskim prawie autorskim. Komputerowe programy antyplagiatowe są instrumentem przydatnym, ale nie idealnym. Z pewnością żaden z promotorów lub recenzentów pracy naukowej nie jest w stanie stwierdzić wszystkich zapożyczeń z cudzych utworów, co przy pomocy tych systemów jest możliwe. Wśród wad należy wymienić - mimo wszystko - ciągle wąską bazę materiałów porównawczych. Istnieją także łatwe sposoby oszukania systemu. Co jednak istotniejsze, systemy te nie uwzględniają do końca specyfiki i istoty ochrony praw autorskich. Rozwiązanie to może być użyteczne, bowiem pomagające wykryć nieetyczne praktyki. Jednak koniecznie wymaga zweryfikowania przez promotora.
EN
The objective of the paper concerns the legal, social and ethical consequences of the technological progress in medicine which we are (or soon will be) witnessing, even if at present they appear to be quite futuristic. In order to demonstrate the essence of the problem the author focuses on a single aspect of this medical and technical ‘revolution’, i.e. the possibility of brain transplantation that will soon be feasible. It should be mentioned right at the beginning that other aspects of medical progress, such as assisted procreation, cloning, genetic engineering and the application of some psychotropic drugs are just as controversial from the deontological or legal point of view. It needs to be admitted that apart from affecting individual lives, medical revolution may also have political results, involving for example the possibility of the intentional change of human nature.
EN
The powers of an advisory board are laid down in the currently binding Section 3, Art. 28a of the law. Said provision stipulates that the board passes resolutions concerning radio and television program (when gaining a majority of votes cast and the presence of at least a half of board members) and comprising the assessment of the level and quality of the running program and program schedule. This provision also stipulates that such resolutions are debated and decided by the supervisory board. It is rightfully observed in the doctrine that the advisory board is only an advising and consultative body for the corporation organs, and it only handles programming matters. The provision stipulates the principles and forms of operation of such bodies to only a limited extent.We also have to agree with the opinion that the powers of the program board are limited to program-related matters exclusively, that is to the selection of individual programs, proportions between them and general principles of radio and television operation. Thus, the board does not have a basis on which to take a stand in personnel, technical, business and legal matters, etc.
EN
Recently, the increasing importance and the legal, as well as business and social, significance of copyright agreements has been noted in legal dealings. Given the growing range of such agreements one should not be surprised about the increasing problem of their correct interpretation. This paper attempts to present only some of the significant problems encountered in the process of the correct interpretation of such declarations of intent made by legal entities. In the light of practical experience it appears that the issues that are discussed in the paper should be considered with particular attention. The problems that usually arise are the consequence of negligence of the parties to such agreements. It should also be admitted, however, that another reason for problems may be rapid technical progress that legislation cannot always keep up with. Therefore, it has been necessary to review the most important opinions expressed in the doctrine and judicial decisions in this respect.
EN
The subject of this paper is the analysis of regulations approved by the medical profession self-governing bodies, which introduce the principle of professional loyalty. The reason undertaking subject was provided by the April 23, 2008 decision of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal on conformity of Art. 52 of the Code of Medical Ethics with the Polish Constitution.
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EN
The article’s objective was to analyse the premises of the policy concerning the Republic of Poland’s cyber-space protection, presented in the document entitled The policy of protecting the cyberspace of Republic of Poland, published by the Ministry of Administration and Digitization of Poland and the Internal Security Agency in 2013. The current article examines the postulates and guidelines included therein, and also confronts them with selected elements of the system of Poland’s cyber-space protection. The author is ready to agree with the creators of the strategy discussed that the complete management of the tele-information risk is impossible. It may only be feasible to attain a certain, acceptable level of such management. The implementation of the priorities of the discussed policy may, presumably, contribute considerably to this end. Particularly important in this context are the following: precise definition of competencies of entities responsible for cyber-space security, creation and implementation of uniform, for all entities of the government administration, a system of management of cyber-space risk, as well as formulation of related guidelines for non-public entities, and also creation of permanent system of coordination and exchange of information between entities responsible for cyber-space security and the cyber-space users themselves, and finally, making the latter fully realise the methods and measures of assuring cyber-space security.
PL
Celem niniejszego opracowania jest analiza założeń polityki ochrony cyberprzestrzeni RP zaprezentowanych w dokumencie zatytułowanym Polityka ochrony cyberprzestrzeni Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, zaprezentowanym w 2013 r. przez Ministerstwo Administracji i Cyfryzacji i Agencję Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego. Artykuł poddaje analizie postulaty i wytyczne tam zamieszczone, jak również konfrontuje te założenia z elementami systemu ochrony cyberprzestrzeni RP. Zgodzić należy się z twórcami tej strategii, iż zapewnienie stanu pełnego bezpieczeństwa teleinformatycznego, jest niemożliwe. Można mówić jedynie osiągnięciu pewnego, akceptowalnego jego poziomu. Wydaje się, że do osiągnięcia tego celu, powinna w znaczącym stopniu przyczynić się realizacja priorytetów polityki ochrony cyberprzestrzeni RP, a wśród nich w szczególności określenie kompetencji podmiotów odpowiedzialnych za bezpieczeństwo cyberprzestrzeni, stworzenie i realizacja spójnego dla wszystkich podmiotów administracji rządowej systemu zarządzania bezpieczeństwem cyberprzestrzeni oraz ustanowienie wytycznych w tym zakresie dla podmiotów niepublicznych, stworzenie trwałego systemu koordynacji i wymiany informacji pomiędzy podmiotami odpowiedzialnymi za bezpieczeństwo cyberprzestrzeni i użytkownikami cyberprzestrzeni, zwiększenie świadomości użytkowników cyberprzestrzeni w zakresie metod i środków bezpieczeństwa.
EN
The issue presented in the title of this paper, which continues to raise interpretational controversies, needs to be analyzed from the point of view of different regulations binding over a given period of time. In 1987, a separate unit – the State Organizational Unit “Polish Radio and Television” – was established as part of the Radio and Television Committee. In these circumstances the State Treasury was deemed to be the holder of rights and responsibilities in legal relations. As the State Organizational Unit “Polish Radio and Television” did not enjoy the status of separate legal entity, the assets generated by this unit, namely physical property and the products subjected to copyrights, were the property of the State Treasury whereas the Unit was only their manager. In the case in question, the property concerned, including physical carriers of audiovisual productions as well as copyrights and related rights to such productions, became the property of the State Treasury. The assets of the liquidated Unit were distributed in two separate ways – one applied to the land, buildings and other devices and premises located on the property of the State Treasury and managed by the Polish Radio and Television on the day the relevant law came into force; and the other – to the remaining assets. By virtue of legal regulations, the former became the subject of perpetual usufruct of newly established companies. In conformity with Art. 65, section 1 of the media act, the Minister of Finance was obliged to transfer the assets remaining after the liquidation of the State Organizational Unit “Polish Radio and Television” to these companies. When the Polish Television company (TVP S.A.) was emerging, the assets of the liquidated unit were neither fully listed nor appraised, which resulted in the dispute over the status of audiovisual archival materials of the public television. This is one of the issues addressed in this paper.
PL
Przedstawiony w tytule niniejszego artykułu problem, budzący do dziś spory interpretacyjne, wymaga analizy z perspektywy różnych aktów normatywnych w kształcie obowiązującym na przestrzeni wskazanego wyżej czasu. W ramach Radiokomitetu w 1987 r. powołano wydzieloną komórkę organizacyjną Państwową Jednostkę Organizacyjną „Polskie Radio i Telewizja”. W takiej sytuacji to Skarb Państwa uważany był w stosunkach cywilno-prawnych za podmiot praw i obowiązków. Skoro p.j.o. PRiTV nie miała statusu odrębnej państwowej osoby prawnej oznaczało to, że mienie tworzone przez tę jednostkę, tzn. składniki materialne, ale także przedmioty prawa autorskich, były własnością Skarbu Państwa, a p.j.o. PRiTV posiadała te zasoby jedynie w zarządzie. W omawianym tu przypadku przedmiotowe mienie, w tym nośniki materialne, na których utrwalono utwory audiowizualne, jak i prawa autorskie i pokrewne do takich utworów, stawały się własnością Skarbu Państwa. Kwestie rozdysponowania majątku po likwidowanej p.j.o PRiTV zostały uregulowane w dwóch odrębnych trybach. Inny przewidziano dla gruntów, budynków i innych urządzeń oraz lokali znajdujących się na gruntach stanowiących własność Skarbu Państwa będących w dniu wejścia w życie ustawy w zarządzie PRiTV, a inny dla pozostałego mienia. W tym pierwszym przypadku składniki te stały się z mocy prawa przedmiotem użytkowania wieczystego utworzonych spółek. Zgodnie z kolei z art. 65 ust. 1 u.r.t.v. ówczesny Minister Finansów został zobowiązany do wniesienia do ww. spółek, mienia pozostałego po likwidacji państwowej jednostki organizacyjnej „Polskie Radio i Telewizja”. W momencie tworzenia TVP S.A. majątek likwidowanej jednostki nie został w pełni zinwentaryzowany i wyceniony, co miało późniejszy swój wpływ na przebieg sporu o status archiwów audiowizualnych telewizji publicznej. Kwestia ta m.in. stanowi przedmiot artykułu.
EN
Examining modern media markets, one notices a common phenomenon of the predominance of tabloids, which are successful both in terms of readership and economic results. It is most likely the effectiveness and economic efficiency of what these media offer that results in a broader process of all media, whether printed or electronic, ‘contracting the tabloid virus’. This is the context within which media tabloidization is discussed, in the sense of the transformation of traditional, ‘noble’ media formats into social media, characterized by the prevalence of topics that arouse widespread interest (entertainment, celebrity scandals), shocking through sex and violence, and abounding in pictures, which is particularly significant from the point of view of this study. Additionally, press materials are shorter, which typically results in the simplified description of events, frequently violating the principles of good taste. The aim of this study is to suggest legal regulations on the matter of image protection in the context of media tabloidization.
PL
Pretekstem do podjęcia tej problematyki ochrony dobrego imienia Narodu Polskiego i Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej było uchwalenie w styczniu 2018 r. wzbudzającej ogromne kontrowersje ustawy o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej. W ten sposób wprowadzono przepisy przewidujące ochronę dobrego imienia Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Narodu Polskiego. Pośród nich zaproponowano przepisy art. 53o i 53p przewidujące odpowiedzialność cywilnoprawną. Ten fragment ustawy przeszedł właściwie niezauważony, inaczej niż wzbudzające ogromne emocje przepisy przewidujące odpowiedzialność karną. Z pewnością pełna analiza tego aktu normatywnego wymaga znacznie dłuższego czasu. Jak wyżej próbowano wykazać, przyjęta regulacja rodzi szereg wątpliwości i pytań o jej właściwą wykładnię. Pomija w zasadzie całkowicie dorobek judykatury, który w poprzednim stanie prawnym pozwalał członkowi określonej grupy np. Narodu Polskiego dochodzenia roszczeń w przypadku naruszenia poczucia godności narodowej.
EN
A pretext for taking up this topic was the adoption in January 2018 of the new Act of the Institute of National Remembrance, which aroused huge controversy. In this way, provisions were enacted to protect the reputation of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Nation. Among them, there are regulations such art. 53o and 53p providing civil liability for violating the reputation of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Nation. This part of the bill passed almost unnoticed, unlike the criminal law in this bill. Certainly, a full analysis of this normative act requires more time. For now, we can say that – as it was presented in this paper – the adopted regulation raises a number of doubts and questions about its proper interpretation.
EN
One of the most interesting social phenomena in the field of social communication, that is the emergence of the new media in the 21st century, has obviously been noted and used by election committees. The paper tries to analyze whether this phenomenon has been similarly noted and accounted for by Polish legislators. An impulse for these considerations was additionally provided by the Act of 5 January 2011 on the Election Code passed in 2011. This normative act has been adopted in the digital era but it virtually ignores the presence of the ‘new media’. While it is true that the interpretation of some regulations may be broadened to include them as well, this will likely generate numerous doubts and a sense of legal uncertainty. Given the transformations in the media market, the legal solutions adopted may soon turn out to be irrelevant to the main course of election campaigns.
PL
Celem badawczym niniejszego opracowania jest analiza stanu bezpieczeństwa systemu medialnego Tajwanu. Główną hipotezą pracy jest założenie, że w ostatnim okresie dostrzec można zaplanowaną i celową strategię wywierania przez CHRL na różnych płaszczyznach i różnymi metodami wpływu na system medialny Tajwanu. Podejście określane bywa w literaturze jako komercjalizacja i outsourcing cenzury lub propagandy. W rezultacie dochodzi dodatkowo do upowszechnienia autocenzury. Stawia się także pytania badawcze dotyczące metod i strategii wpływu czynnika chińskiego na system medialny Tajwanu, w tym dotyczące zjawiska tzw. komercjalizacji i outsourcingu propagandy. Polegać to miałoby na „zlecaniu” przez określone państwowe instytucje i agendy lub podmioty zależne, często z sektora prywatnego, niekiedy umiejscowione w innych krajach, celowego działania prowadzącego do rozpowszechniania i promowania określonych poglądów i idei, korzystnych dla zleceniodawcy takich działań. Strategię taką możemy określić jako pewien typ inwazji, tyle że nie zewnętrznej i dokonywanej nie środkami siłowymi, a od środka, poprzez „serca i umysły” obywateli tego państwa. Para- doks polegać może na tym, że tego rodzaju strategia okazuje się skuteczna wobec demokratycznych systemów medialnych hołdujących zasadzie wolności słowa. Jak próbuje się wykazać, ów „czynnik chiński” w systemie medialnym Tajwanu, okazuje się coraz bardziej obecny w pejzażu medialnym tego kraju, a jego efektywność może spowodować bardzo poważne konsekwencje i to nie tylko w systemie medialnym, ale i systemie politycznym Republiki Chińskiej na Tajwanie. Artykuł próbuje także poddać analizie jakie strategie i środki należy podejmować, aby przeciwdziałać tego typu zagrożeniom i jakie środki są w tym zakresie najbardziej efektywne. Przygotowując pracę skorzystano z wielu metod badawczych, w tym z metody wnioskowań indukcyjnych i dedukcyjnych, metody historycznej, szkicując tło historyczne dla istotnych przemian społecznych i politycznych na Tajwanie, metodę analizy instytucjonalno-prawnej, próbując wyjaśnić wpływ instytucji prawnych na określone zjawiska społeczne, metodę egze- gezy tekstu prawnego oraz metodę statystyczną, opisując system medialny Tajwanu.
EN
The study aims to examine the security of Taiwan’s media system. Its main hypothesis is that the People’s Republic of China is pursuing a deliberate strategy of influencing Taiwan’s media at various levels by a range of means. Some authors refer to this approach as the commercialization and outsourcing of censorship and propaganda. The approach has had the effect of routinizing self-censorship. Research questions are also asked about the methods and strategies adopted by China to influence Taiwan’s media, including the commercialization and outsourcing of propaganda. The idea is to ‘hire’ various state institutions and agencies or their subordinate organizations, commonly from the private sector and from third countries, to deliberately disseminate and endorse views and ideas aligned with China’s interests. The strategy can be described as an invasion of sorts that is not of a coercive and/or external nature but rather is performed from the inside, aimed directly at the hearts and minds of the country’s citizens. The paradox is that democratic media systems that protect freedom of speech are more vulnerable to this strategy. An attempt is made to demonstrate that the ‘China factor’ is increasingly present in Taiwan’s media landscape. Its effectiveness may have grave consequences not only for the me- dia system itself but also for the political system of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in general. In addition, the article seeks to identify the most appropriate and effective strategies and means for countering and combatting such threats. In drafting this article, a range of research methods were employed, including that of inductive and deductive inference, the historical method (used to outline the historical background behind significant social and political transformations in Taiwan), the institutional and legal analysis method (used to explore the influence of institutions on specific social phenomena), the legal text exegesis method as well as the statistical method (to describe Taiwan’s media system).
EN
The issues associated with biopolitics are the cause of great controversies, making the concept almost ‘taboo’ these days. Current progress in medical technology has brought immense benefits to the whole of humanity, but it can also cause threats. The subject of this paper is to draw readers’ attention to the issues and threats related to the progress of medical technology. Biopolitics has produced various, frequently perilous, outcomes, therefore it is emphasized that biopolitical phenomena should always have a legal and moral dimension. In many cases, the realm of human biology and nature is impacted to an inconceivable degree, thus biopolitics is challenged by having to answer many significant questions, requiring the development of a cohesive state policy in this field and the provision of a legal framework for such activities.
EN
Assuming that a crisis infers the collapse of old values while the new ones to replace them have not developed yet, one can ponder whether we are witnessing a crisis of press law in Poland or not. Taking into consideration the gravity and scope of criticism of the current press law act and the repeated attempts to alter the existing legal status quo, it could be said that we are facing a permanent crisis in the press law system in Poland, and, consequently, of the whole media policy. The paper tries to verify this hypothesis on the example of one of the elements of the press law, namely that of authorization.
PL
This paper shows the conflict between two values protected in every democratic country by constitutional law. On the one hand, the right to privacy and on the other hand the competencies of the State to ensure the security of its citizens eg. by using secret surveillance measures. Therefore, it is necessary to seek an appropriate balance between these two standards protected by law based on selected judicatures of the Constitutional Tribunal in Poland, and the regulations of the Council o f Europe and the European Union.
EN
The practice of granting access to public information raises considerable controversies over the status of the individuals who cease to hold public office but where the period of their activity continues to be of interest to the public. This paper discusses the issue of the conflict of two values protected by the law. On one hand we are dealing with granting access to public information, on the other with the protection of privacy.
PL
Defining the terms " radio and television broadcasting" in the digital ageDefining the terms „radio and „television broadcasting” in the digital age, can be problematic. Digitization , convergence and divergence of media, creates the need to revise the concepts of „broadcasting”, „radio” and „television”. All of these concerns stem from the fact that the concepts referred to above were created in other technological reality. However, these terms still exist in the legal language (especially in the Polish Constitution), but they seem somewhat anachronistic against the new media technology. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the concepts of radio and television in the digital age and to propose a change in this matter.
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Polityka audiowizualna Unii Europejskiej

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EN
The article provides a provisional systematization of EU policy on mass media. The approach of the European Communities to the issue of mass media in the last decades can be divided into several stages. In the initial period, relatively the longest one, EC organs were denied competences to interfere in this area. The 1980s and 1990s were characterized by an attempt on the part of the EU to work out adequate and distinct strategies regarding mass media. The moment the EC organs “gained” the competences to regulate the principles underlying the functioning of the media, a boisterous development of the EU medial law started and became especially conspicuous with the emergence of global media. Regulations on mass media initially pertained to television but then expanded onto audiovisual media services followed by a growing significance of the so-called “new media”. EU policy deals with the media in three different contexts: firstly, in the aspect of competition policy and principles governing the functioning of the internal market; secondly as an element of democratic and cultural infrastructure; and thirdly, on the plane of building the so-called information society. A hypothesis is put forward that the EU audiovisual policy is dominated by a two tracks strategy of regulating the functioning of the media.
EN
The paper analyzes the rights and responsibilities of the parties of license agreements concerning industrial providd for in Polish and EU regulations. In particular, it attempts to answer the question whether the licensee’s commissioning of manufacturing activities may infringe on the license conditions. It is proposed here that such licensee conduct is covered by the extent of the license provided that the licensee is in charge of organizing the manufacturing process and solely decides about the principles, conditions and the scale of production; he retains the ownership right to the product manufactured; the product is introduced under the licensee’s own brand; the licensee actually decides about the principles under which the product is launched on the market, including the complete, independent and unlimited freedom of deciding about the commercial conditions concerning the price, markup and term of payment; and the licensee bears full responsibility for the quality of the commodity entered into the market whereas the role of the contractor is limited to the performance of technical activities related to the manufacturing of the product protected by the indial.
EN
This study attempts to determine borderline between works and products which are not protected by copyright law on account of thesufficient degree of creativity involved. The legal definition is stipulated by Art. 1 of the Act on Copyright and Related Rights of February 4, 1994, but it does not provide a definitivefferentiation in certain borderline cases, that is whenever a low level of creativity raises substantial doubts as ther to include a given category in a group of works.
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