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EN
The article regards the celebrations of the 150th anniversary of the birth of Marie Sklodowska-Curie − a discoverer of polonium and radium, twice decorated with a Noble Prize, the first woman professor of the Sorbonne, who in the ranking organized by the periodical New Scientist was considered the most outstanding and inspiring scientist of all time.In her youth, many universities (among them also Polish) were closed to women, so Marie Skłodowska studied at the Sorbonne in Paris. When, after her studies, she was not accepted as an assistant at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków (Poland), Marie Skłodowska came back to Paris, married Pierre Curie and started her scientific work in his humble lab.The scientific achievements of Maria Skłodowska-Curie were a breakthrough in the history of exact sciences and the basis for the application of new methods in oncological therapies. For modern scientists she is a timeless source of inspiration and is admired not only for her scientific achievements but also for her courage in breaking barriers and helping to redefine the role of women in society and science.On November 7, 2017, we celebrated the 150th anniversary of Marie Skłodowska-Curie’s birth. In Poland and abroad many events were organized during the whole year of 2017 to commemorate her life and achievements. Some of them, as well as some aspects of Skłodowska-Curie’s life and work are described in this paper.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest obchodom 150. rocznicy urodzin dwukrotnej laureatki Nagrody Nobla, odkrywczyni polonu i radu, pierwszej kobiecie profesor Sorbony, która w rankingu zorganizowanym przez periodyk New Scientist uznana została za najwybitniejszą i najbardziej inspirującą uczoną wszechczasów.W młodości Marii wiele uniwersytetów (w tym także polskie) było zamkniętych dla kobiet, więc Skłodowska studiowała na Sorbonie w Paryżu. Kiedy po studiach nie została przyjęta jako asystentka na Uniwersytecie Jagiellońskim w Krakowie, wróciła do Paryża, poślubiła Piotra Curie i rozpoczęła pracę naukową w jego skromnym laboratorium.Osiągnięcia naukowe Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie były przełomem w historii nauk ścisłych i podstawą do zastosowania nowych metod w terapiach onkologicznych. Dla obecnych naukowców jest ponadczasowym źródłem inspiracji i jest podziwiana nie tylko za osiągnięcia naukowe, ale także za odwagę w przełamywaniu barier i pomoc w redefiniowaniu roli kobiet w społeczeństwie i nauce.W dniu 7 listopada 2017 r. świętowaliśmy 150. rocznicę urodzin Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie. W Polsce i za granicą przez cały 2017 rok zorganizowano wiele wydarzeń, upamiętniających jej życie i osiągnięcia. Niektóre z nich, a także niektóre aspekty życia i pracy Skłodowskiej-Curie zostały opisane w niniejszym artykule.
EN
Powder diffraction techniques in studies of historical objects can be applied to the investigations of such substances as pigments, corrosion products of metals and other crystalline artistic materials. Unlike techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and other methods of chemical analysis that provide information on elemental composition, XRPD enables the identification and differentiation of materials with similar or even identical chemical compositions. Shell and limestone, are chemically the same (calcium carbonate), but the atoms are arranged differently in each of them. It would be difficult to tell these materials apart using elemental analysis. Some techniques, however, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), provide information on the way atoms are arranged in a given sample and thanks to this knowledge it is possible to detect which sample contain limestone an which contain shell. As other examples one can mention several pigments; e.g., two types of lead-tin yellow, Pb2SnO4 and PbSnO3 polymorphic modifications of TiO2, or different kinds of verdigris. Precise information on the substance used in an artwork is sometimes of great importance in the dating and authentication a work of art, and in studying the origin of historical materials and in characterization of the artist’s workshop. Moreover, a description of secondary changes in the phase composition enables the study of the signs and causes of damage produced by environmental conditions and is vital to the proper conservation of the object, whether through preventive measures or restorative treatment. X-ray diffraction analysis requires a very small sample (in micro-diffraction measurements, often much less than the size of a pinhead). Moreover an identification of the investigated materials can be performed with the use of already present reference powder diffraction data (PDF Files), which are prepared and distributed by the International Centre for Diffraction Data (Pennsylvania, USA). In this paper the results of the investigations of a green paint in the Gothic panel painting Resurrected Christ from Bodzentyn (Chrystus Zmartwychwstały z Bodzentyna are presented as an example of application of micro-diffraction analysis to study the pigments. Obtained results allowed identification of lead tin yellow type I (Pb2SnO4, PDF[24-0589]), hydrocerussite ((PbCO3)2Pb(OH)2, PDF[13-131]), malachite (Cu(OH)2CuCO3, PDF[56-0001]) and cynabar (HgS, PDF [42-1408]).
EN
The paper reports on the results of chemical analysis and metallography examination of four lead seals from Czermno (Cherven towns region). The seals were issued by Rus dukes and have been dated to 12th-13th centuries. Selected specimens were subjected to detailed observations under SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). Chemical analysis included EDS (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy) and EDXRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence). The red layer found on the surface of the lead seals was identified by XRPD (X-ray Powder Diffractometry) as a typical corrosion product: lead oxide. Lead content in the tested seals ranges from 98.9% to 99.4%. The content of silver, copper, chromium, iron was interpreted as impurities.
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