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EN
Ryszard Kapuściński (1932-2007) and Pier Paolo Pasolini (1922-1975) are two intellectuals who in different times and places, each with his own cultural background, decided to push their artistic and intellectual research beyond the borders of pure literary expression in order to understand an increasingly indecipherable and threatening present. Two intellectuals in many ways very different from each other, but with a common passion – Africa. The Black Continent, the privileged object of their reflections, represents an original world, untouched by the capitalist and neo-imperialistic aspirations of poisoned Western society, thus becoming a mixture of romantic fantasies and dreams of unteachable regenerations.
EN
The article analyses the critical voices raised against the young poets and artists who promoted Futurism in Poland during the first half of the Twentieth century. Futurist manifestos influenced the new Polish poetry, stimulating a lively debate among intellectuals of the calibre of Stefan Żeromski and Karol Irzykowski. In general, the coeval criticism of Polish Futurism focused on three main points: the lack of originality and servile imitation of foreign literary models; the repudiation of the past and national traditions; Futurism as an expression of ideologies such as Fascism in Italy and Bolshevism in Russia. In this article, specific attention is devoted to an analysis of the essay Snobizm i postęp (Snobbery and Progress, 1923) by Żeromski. The writer, criticising Polish imitators of Russian Futurism, affirmed that Polish literature and culture, in the context of national reconstruction after three partitions of Poland, needed to maintain its natural connection with the past and at the same time, without losing its national nature, to weave some universal suggestions into the plot of purely Polish themes. The goal of this article is to reveal that Żeromski and Irzykowski’s critical stance towards the Polish Futurists, which influenced the critics of the next generation, was dictated by a shallow analysis of Futuristic works and by their inability to understand Futuristic efforts to modernise Polish art and literature.
PL
The article analyses myths concerning menstruation in Izabela Filipiak’s and Olga Tokarczuk’s creative works. The writers refer to female physiology in order to abolish the taboo on the female body and its excretions and to create mythology free from the male universe. Menstruation is considered a taboo subject even at the beginning of the 21st century and this physiological aspect of feminity is connected with an attempt to respect the differences between the sexes. One can observe not so much an attempt to destroy the rules of patriarchal culture, but a need to recreate the Western imagination, which is able to renew social and symbolic order and create new female mythology, which enables women to identify with their own needs, feelings, physical, sexual and erotic experiences.
EN
Speculum animae. The metaphors of reflection in Stefan Grabiński’s short stories. Through an analysis of several short stories by Stefan Grabiński, the article aims to show that his narrative is based on the principle of a metaphorical mirror, which exposes the dual nature of the world: matter and spirit, good and evil, world and afterworld, inner reality and outer reality. The reflected image of the world does not coincide with the real one. That image in the mirror is beyond human reason and appears as a terrifying truth and as the profound chaos of the soul. Grabiński develops the doubling of reality, which is present – with different meanings – not only in philosophical, religious, psychological and psychoanalytic thought, but also in the field of the paranormal and of parapsychology, through the theme of the double.
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