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Disinformation and Polarization in the Online Debate During the 2020 Presidential Election in Poland

100%
Domalewska D.
Safety & Defense
|
2021
|
vol. 1
14-24
EN
The deliberate manipulation of public opinion, the spread of disinformation, and polarization are key social media threats that jeopardize national security. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the content published by social bots and the polarization of the public debate on social media (Twitter, Facebook) during the presidential election campaign in Poland in 2020. This investigation takes the form of a quantitative study for which data was collected from the public domains of Facebook and Twitter (the corpus consisted of over three million posts, tweets and comments). The analysis was carried out using a decision algorithm developed in C# that operated on the basis of criteria that identified social bots. The level of polarization was investigated through sentiment analysis. During the analysis, we could not identify automated accounts that would generate traffic. This is a result of an integrated action addressing disinformation and the proliferation of bots that mobilized governments, cybersecurity and strategic communication communities, and media companies. The level of disinformation distributed via social media dropped and an increasing number of automated accounts were removed. Finally, the study shows that public discourse is not characterized by polarization and antagonistic political preferences. Neutral posts, tweets and comments dominate over extreme positive or negative opinions. Moreover, positive posts and tweets are more popular across social networking sites than neutral or negative ones. Finally, the implications of the study for information security are discussed.
2
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Counteracting Threats to Societal Security at School: A Polish Way Towards Multicultural Education

100%
Domalewska D.
Safety & Defense
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2020
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vol. 1
31-47
EN
As Poland is becoming a more attractive destination for immigrants, Polish schools need to develop relevant solutions that can assist the integration of immigrant students into Polish society. The objective of this study is threefold. Firstly, the paper aims to discuss the role of schools in counteracting threats to societal security resulting from increased migration. Secondly, the study investigates immigration policy and educational solutions in Poland. Finally, we evaluate educational solutions implemented in schools to facilitate the integration of immigrant children, their safety, as well as discuss the difficulties and advantages resulting from the presence of foreign students in Polish schools. The study shows that schools play a special role in educating young people about societal values, personal safety and societal security. Educational solutions aiming at immigrant integration need to be investigated in the context of multidimensional legislation on immigration. The findings of the quantitative analysis relate to the solutions adopted by Polish schools that assist the integration of foreign students. They also shed light on the problems and benefits of having heterogeneous classes. Most schools in Poland offer foreign students a number of educational opportunities related to Polish language acquisition, academic performance (e.g. remedial lessons) and social integration. Inability to speak Polish is the greatest problem at schools, which is the root cause of other complex problems, such as foreign students’ falling behind with schoolwork, slower pace of the lesson, and discipline problems.
3
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Approaches to studying across culturally contrasting groups: Implications for security education

100%
Domalewska D.
Security and Defence Quarterly
|
2017
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vol. 16
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issue 3
3-19
EN
The problem of increased migration and integration of migrant children in schools has become a serious challenge for Security Education, especially the question of how to teach increasingly varied groups of students and whether students that come from culturally contrasting groups differ in their preferred learning style. This study sets out to analyse how students of various cultural backgrounds approach learning tasks, which is of utmost importance nowadays given that modern schools face the challenge of educating culturally diverse students. To this end, the Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students (ASSIST) was administered to 450 Thai students in a Thai university. Th e correlation between the learning approaches and individual differences (age, GPA and major) was assessed. Then, the results of the study were compared with the results of similar studies carried out in different cultures. The results show that the students scoring higher on the deep approach have the highest academic performance, whereas the students who approach the learning material strategically achieve the lowest learning outcomes. Furthermore, the Thai students did not differ significantly from their western peers (Norwegian, Egyptian, Portuguese and British); however, their results differed from the students from China, who generally scored lower on all subscales of the ASSIST scores. Thus, the findings of the study prove that the integration of migrant children can be highly successful because both migrant and host society students adopt similar approaches and strategies that strive for academic excellence.
4
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Immigration, stereotypes, and social security: The portrayal of migrant groups in public discourse

100%
Domalewska D.
Security and Defence Quarterly
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2016
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vol. 13
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issue 4
15-31
EN
The present paper focuses on the presentation of migrant groups in public discourse, which sheds light on the security-related implications of immigration. In particular, the purpose of the paper is to analyze public discourse on migration to Poland. Qualitative analysis based on a corpus of news reports and online comments on migrant groups in Poland shows that the media coverage of migrant groups focuses on social conflicts and the migrant crisis. Close examination of online comments reveals that regardless of the tone and topic of the article, users’ comments posted below the articles are biased, outright and based on repetitive generalisations. Despite few positive reactions, a great degree of intolerance and discrimination has been manifested in public discourse and antagonistic feelings between the minority and majority groups have been identified. Portraying others in a negative way tends to arouse prejudice as well as discriminatory behaviours; thus, it may be concluded that that negative stereotypes are deeply rooted in Polish society and are likely to bring about negative expectations towards various ethnic groups.
5
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The role of social media in emergency management during the 2019 flood in Poland

100%
Domalewska D.
Security and Defence Quarterly
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2019
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vol. 27
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issue 5
32-43
EN
Objectives The aim of this article is to discuss the role of social media platforms, Facebook and Twitter, during the floods that took place in Poland in May 2019. The following research questions guided the study: (1) How is social media used by different actors at various stages of the disaster management cycle? (2) To what extent were social networking sites used during the 2019 floods in Poland? Methods The study employed social media analytic tools to analyze social media data published on Facebook and Twitter qualitatively and quantitatively in the period from 1 March to 10 June 2019. Results Social Media is used during emergencies by various actors for different purposes: emergency services use it to broadcast weather alerts and situational updates; authorities communicate weather alerts and offer assistance; mass media outlets share up-to-date information; individual users connect and share their experiences of the disaster as well as express political views; organizations spread general comments, situational updates and political comments. Conclusions Despite several drawbacks, such as the chaotic spread of messages, their unreliability and the politicization of the news- feed, social networking sites support disaster management. Therefore, they should be incorporated as an additional communication channel during emergencies.
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Analiza czynników warunkujących sukces prowadzenia negocjacji kryzysowych

100%
Domalewska D.
Studia Administracji i Bezpieczeństwa
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2022
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vol. 12(12)
173-187
EN
Negotiations are useful in dealing with crisis situations. Numerous studies have proven the effectiveness of using negotiation tactics in ransom kidnappings and other crisis interventions. In case of international disputes, when mediators participate in negotiations, the probability of concluding an agreement is six times higher. In view of the above, the paper aims to systematize the knowledge about the factors that affect the negotiation process. In case of events violating public safety, the success of police negotiations is influenced by the perpetrator’s behavior, duration of talks, circumstances and negotiators’ competences. In case of international disputes, the parties enter into negotiations and mediation primarily guided by their own interest and a rational profit and loss analysis. Therefore, the mediator’s activities should focus on influencing the attitudes and behavior of the parties, while caring for their interests.
PL
Negocjacje są skutecznym sposobem rozwiązywania sytuacji kryzysowych. Liczne badania dowodzą efektywności pracy zespołu negocjacyjnego w przypadku porwań dla okupu i innych interwencji kryzysowych. Z kolei w sytuacji sporów międzynarodowych prawdopodobieństwo zawarcia porozumienia jest sześciokrotnie większe, gdy pertraktacje prowadzone są przy wsparciu mediatorów. Z uwagi na powyższe celem podjętej analizy jest systematyzacja wiedzy na temat czynników warunkujących przystąpienie do negocjacji oraz strategii pozwalających na pozytywne zakończenie zdarzenia lub sporu. W przypadku zdarzeń naruszających bezpieczeństwo powszechne na sukces negocjacji policyjnych wpływają zachowanie sprawcy, czas trwania zdarzenia, okoliczności oraz kompetencje negocjatorów. W przypadku sporów międzynarodowych strony przystępują do negocjacji i mediacji, kierując się przede wszystkim własnym interesem oraz racjonalną analizą zysków i strat. Zatem działania mediatora powinny skupić się na wpłynięciu na nastawienie i zachowanie stron przy jednoczesnej dbałości o ich interesy.
7
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Immigrant integration policy and practices in Poland

63%
Domalewska D., Żakowska M.
Security and Defence Quarterly
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2019
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vol. 25
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issue 3
3-14
EN
Objectives Globalization, open borders and population movements, especially from war torn countries, have brought a new set of chances and challenges to every modern state. Since its accession to the European Union in 2004, Poland has been experiencing a steady transformation from a country producing emigrants to a destination country for a growing number of immigrants. The aim of the article is to discuss the impact of immigration on policymaking at the national level with emphasis on the legal status of immigrants and integration policy issues. Furthermore, the paper aims to initiate scientific discussion on migration integration policy and a complex system of migration policy and management. Methods The study uses critical analysis of secondary sources: literature and sectoral policies in areas such as the labour market, education, and welfare pointing out benefits offered to immigrants. Results The analysis presents immigration integration policies and practices adopted and implemented in Poland. Conclusions The research leads to the conclusion that the number of immigrants in Poland will significantly increase by 2030. Therefore, it is urgent to develop comprehensive migration management system in Poland, which will regulate the status of immigrants paying close attention to resolving integration policy issues.
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