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Existential Import and Relations of Categorical and Modal Categorical Statements

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Raclavský J.
Logic and Logical Philosophy
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2018
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vol. 27
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issue 3
271-300
EN
I examine the familiar quadruple of categorical statements “Every F is/is not G”, “Some F is/is not G” as well as the quadruple of their modal versions “Necessarily, every F is/is not G”, “Possibly, some F is/is not G”. I focus on their existential import and its impact on the resulting Squares of Opposition. Though my construal of existential import follows modern approach, I add some extra details which are enabled by framing my definition of existential import within expressively rich higherorder partial type logic. As regards the modal categorical statements, I find that so-called void properties bring existential import to them, so they are the only properties which invalidate subalternation, and thus also contrariety and subcontrariety, in the corresponding Square of Opposition.
2

MODEL JAZYKA V SYNCHRONNÍM A DIACHRONNÍM SMYSLU

100%
Raclavský J.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2017
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vol. 72
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issue 2
140 – 153
EN
Language can be modelled in various ways, highlighting either its social or systemic character. The author assumes that language is a normative phenomenon enabling speakers to communicate. At any particular time language is used, however, we are capable of determining the function which maps the expressions produced using this language to their meanings. In this contribution the author proposes a functional model of language in a synchronic sense. This model also resolves various complications with ambivalence, etc. Further, he also proposes a model of language in a diachronic sense as a function from possible worlds and time instants to languages in a synchronic sense. Thus the intuitive idea of language as a changing entity is captured. Both models are constructed to be the tools serving mainly the investigation of semantic properties of expressions of that language.
3

INDIVIDUA V MYŠLENCE-PROPOZICI: TICHÉHO PŘÍSTUP

100%
Raclavský J.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2009
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vol. 64
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issue 7
669-679
EN
Stephen Schiffer's paradox of meaning shows that both Fregean and Russellian explanations of the individuals in thoughts-propositions are questionable. The author argues that it is Pavel Tichý's semantical system, which offers a viable middle way between the extremes of the above mentioned approaches, solving the Schiffer's paradox.
4

On the interaction of semantics and deduction in Transparent Intensional Logic (Is Tichý's logic a logic?)

100%
Raclavský J.
Logic and Logical Philosophy
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2014
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vol. 23
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issue 1
57–68
EN
It is sometimes objected that Tichý’s logic is not a logic because it underestimates deduction, providing only logical analyses of expressions. I argue that this opinion is wrong. First of all, to detect valid arguments, which are formulated in a language, there needs to be logical analysis to ascertain which semantical entities (Tichý’s so-called constructions) are involved. Entailment is defined as an extralinguistic affair relating those constructions. The validity of an argument, composed of propositional constructions, stems from the properties of the constructions. Such properties are displayed by the derivation rules of Tichý’s system of deduction.
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