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Zapiski Historyczne
|
2013
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vol. 78
|
issue 2
117-154
XX
The article refers to the publication titled Z wędrówek i przyjazni naukowych: Francja, included in the fi rst volume of the collection Zagraniczne peregrynacje i przyjaznie naukowe polskich uczonych (Cracow 2008). Its author, on the basis of his own experience from the period of the People’s Republic of Poland, describes how difficult it was to obtain access to foreign literature and presents the first attempts to establish contact with researchers – mainly historians or specifi cally historians of law - from behind the “Iron Curtain”, which became feasible aft er 1956. He underlines that for a long time academic contact with researchers from West Germany concerned the Middle Ages and the period until the end of the 18th century since those were the epochs which generated fewest conflicts – particularly when compared with the times of WWII. The author recollects his first visits to France in the 1960s, the first contacts with academics from Germany (i.e. Hans Thieme, Hermann Conrad, Eberhard L. F. Schmidt), which for a long time were maintained only via correspondence. He shares his reflections connected with research missions first to the German Democratic Republic, and next – from the beginning of the 1980s – to the Federal Republic of Germany; he presents the institutions he visited (i.e. the Herder Institute in Marburg, the Herzog-August-Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel, the Max-Planck Institute in Frankfurt am Main, the Centre for Eastern Studies in Lüneburg) and the contact with Polish researchers maintained by those institutions. He also mentions papers he read, discussions inspired by them and issues explored. The author’s memoirs focus around some outstanding academic representatives from East Germany (i.e. Rolf Lieberwirth, Walter Markov, Rudolf Forberger, Gustav Seeber, Eduard Merian, Heinrich Scheel or Johannes Kalisch) and West Germany (i.e. Dieter Simon, Walther Wilhelm, Heinz Monhaupt, Karl Dedecius, Peter Hartmann, Peter Baumgart, Klaus Zernack and many others) whom he met during his numerous research trips. The article also contains remarks about French historiography and the author’s participation in the work of the Committee of Historians of the People’s Republic of Poland and the German Democratic Republic, the Committee for School Coursebooks of the People’s Republic of Poland and the German Democratic Republic, and his final visits to a united Germany in the 1990s; he also notes the difficulties which Polish historians encountered in the German publishing industry, and the varying attitude of German historians from various generations towards the question of Nazism and Prussian traditions.
EN
The purpose of this article is to indicate the neglected section of the research about the forms and legal technique in different European countries during the Middle Ages and in modern times. The method of exercising legislative functions by the then State has rarely been the subject of detailed researches. The author discusses the current state of research and points to examples of situations from England (XIV-XVIII), as well as from France during the period before the French Revolution.
EN
The history of Polish Underground State’s structures has been the subject of the intensive research in the last quarter-century. Political decisions of those years remain still very controversial: the fight against both occupiers: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union from September 1939, an attitude towards Soviet policy and communists’ role in the country since 1942. These are difficult dilemmas. According to the author, they generally cannot be successfully solved. Among them appear: an attitude towards Stalin’s policy, an issue of the Eastern border, an attitude to the Red Army invading Polish territories, a problem of ambiguous policy of our Allies towards the Polish authorities.
PL
Dzieje struktur Państwa Podziemnego były przedmiotem intensywnych badań w ostatnich 25 latach. Nadal wielce dyskusyjne pozostają decyzje polityczne tych lat: walka z obu okupantami od września 1939 r., problem ustosunkowania się do polityki sowieckiej i roli komunistów w kraju od 1942 r. To są dylematy trudne, a zdaniem autora z reguły nie do rozwiązania pozwalającego liczyć na sukces: stosunek do polityki Stalina, problem granicy na wschodzie, stosunek do wkraczającej na terytoria Polski Armii Czerwonej, problem dwuznacznej wobec władz polskich polityki naszych aliantów.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2012
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vol. 77
|
issue 1
147-156
EN
The aim of the discussed publication of Szczepan Wierzchosławski is to give a new perspective on many important issues for the history of the Polish lands of the Prussian partition. In ten essays, excluding introductory comments and the conclusion, the author presents his standpoint towards the problem of conditions and effects of the process of the modernization of Polish society on the example of cases from Pomerelia and the Kulm Land. The essential part of the author’s discussion is to what extend Polish society took advantage of the process of building a big capitalist, modern state, from the social and economic point of view, as well as of building the system of Rechtsstaat in Germany within the co-existence and capitalist competition. The work of Szczepan Wierzchosławski to a large extent eliminates a stereotypical perception concerning the co-existence of Poles and Germans in West Prussia (and not only) in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, showing many elements of cooperation between both nations. He also presents the process of “growing out of” the feudal structures and the shaping of a modern nation within the German state. He undermines the stereotype that the Polish nation was monolithic, and the Prussian administration was alienated from the reality of the province. He shows Pomerelia as a small motherland of Poles and Germas, who inhabited the area in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century.
EN
The text is addressed at first to young historians and historians of law. It stresses the peculiar importance of the science of the history of law and legal education in Polish historical science, especially in the period between 1850–1914. The science of history of law has been strongly connected with historical science, and law was a phenomenon shaped par excellence by history. In 19th century Poland, when the partitioners were replacing Polish law and Polish institutions by their own legal systems, Polish historians of law had to struggle to preserve national legal traditions. That is why the strong position of F. K. von Savigny’s historical school of law is presented in Polish Romanticism. The article describes the achievements of Polish historians of law in the field of national history science. It points out that many of the historians in this period were lawyers by education (Szymon Askenazy, Tadeusz Korzon, Władysław Smoleński, Marceli Handelsman, Władysław Konopczyński). Nowadays the role of the science of history of law is underestimated, although the cooperation of historians of law with the representatives of other historical disciplines is fruitful.
EN
The article describes the legal status of Poles residing within the territories occupied by Nazi Germany or areas incorporated into the Third Reich during the Second World War. The author points to the examples of the limitations placed on Poles in access to goods and services, including transport, healthcare, and cultural institutions. Furthermore, he reminds us of the orders and prohibitions derived from civil, administrative, and labour laws which were imposed on Poles. The author emphasises some significant differences between the Nazi occupation in Poland and in other European countries. As a result, he advocates the conduct of new research on the issue of the real situation of Poles in various occupied regions administered by the authorities of the Third Reich.
15
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