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EN
Research of Siberia — consisting primarily in the exploration and inventory taking of its natural resources — financed and supervised by the tsars began as early as in the 18th century. In the late 19th century the possibilities of exploring its more distant areas were enhanced by the Trans-Siberian Railway. Siberian nature fascinated also Polish exiles and military men, who made a great contribution to the study of Siberian fauna, flora and geology. One of these explores was Ferdynand Karo, a pharmacist. He ran a military pharmacy in Irkutsk (1897), then worked as an apothecary in Nerchinsk (1887–1893), Blagoveshchensk on the Amur (1897–1900), Zeiska Pristan (1900–1902) and again in Blagoveshchensk on the Amur (1902–1908 and 1910–1913). Throughout his stay in Siberia he collected specimens of the local flora and sent his notes to various academic institutions. We owe our knowledge of his collections mainly to J. Freyn, who popularised them among European botanists, publishing lists of flora species from the various regions of Siberia in the well-known Vienna journal Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift. The 80,000 specimens collected by Ferdynand Karo include those of 28 new species previously unknown to science. 8 of them were named after him Karo. The herbaria made at the time are still of great value to European science and constitute an important part of collections of various scientific institutions in Warsaw, Kraków, Irkutsk, Chita, Saint Petersburg, Kiev, Paris, Göttingen, Berlin, Jena, Munich, Vienna, Kew near London, Leiden, Basel, Zurich, Lausanne, Florence, Genoa and Saint Louis. Translated by Anna Kijak
Organon
|
2020
|
vol. 52
31-46
EN
Cataloguing of the natural world was started by the 16th–century scholar Ulisses Aldrovandi, who was inspired by overseas expeditions. Collectors of specimens, among whom were many doctors of medicine and pharmacists, noticed the possibilities for using exotic plants and animals in medicine. The first pharmacopoeias, however, contained very few of the previously unknown raw materials and they did not have a great impact on the contemporary therapeutic possibilities. In the Polish territories, the raw materials from the New World had already been recorded in Jan Woyna’s Krakow Pharmacopoeia of 1683, in which five American species were identified. By contrast, in the 18th–century Jesuit pharmacies, 30 such materials were already used, although they were not pharmacopoeial. In the 18th century, in the Polish lands, an important role was played by duchess Anna Jabłonowska (1728–1800), who gathered one of the richest natural history collections in Europe in Siemiatycze in Podlasie. Thanks to her support, the Polish nature literature was enriched with numerous works that were of importance for the development of the natural sciences.
Medycyna Nowożytna
|
2023
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vol. 29
|
issue 1
323-334
EN
In the 19th century, the medicine cabinets at the manors of Polish nobility became a legitimate presence in the Polish provinces: defi ned in encyclopaedias and dictionaries and included in the laws on pharmacies. Their caretakers (“panny apteczkowe”) obtained their knowledge from home silva rerum, herbal books or their copies. The women taking care of the household medicine cabinets grew herbs themselves or bought them from rural herbalists with whom they exchanged information about the healing effect. It remains an open question whether the knowledge of medicinal plants considered folk belongs to our Slavic tradition or to the Greco-Latin civilisation.
EN
Amur cork tree (Phellodendron amurense Rupr., “Kihada” in Japanese) has been one of the most important medicinal raw materials in Japan since ancient times, used in various mixed oriental herbal medicines (mainly gastrointestinal), e.g. “Sankogan”. We researched the leaves of Phellodendron amurense as a material for a new type of food (health-promoting food), in terms of ingredients and its property, suitability for food processing and acceptability for consumers. After cutting off, the leaves were so quickly steamed (for enzyme inactivation), freeze-dried, and turned to powder (up to 0.1 mm in diameter). Finally, they were packed and stored in the refrigerator. An analysis revealed that there is no caffeine in the leaves, and they are safer than coffee, black tea, green tea, and chocolate. However, they contain a high content of calcium, folic acid, dietary fi ber, polyphenols, ß-carotene, and lutein. Also, we found that a 50% ethanol extract of the leaves had an antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans (a cariogenic bacterium), comparable to that of green tea. We have been trying to develop food products using the leaves, such as cakes, cookies, and teas. The leaves did not change their original green color even after baking. Any problem couldn’t be observed before or after mixing, dissolving, baking, etc., necessary for manufacturing sweets. Preliminary sensory test revealed that tested sweets were all well accepted, and there was no complaint above the color, taste and flavor. We are going to develop also other foods and drinks for pregnant women, children, and elderly people.
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