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1

Zobowiązanie a to, co polityczne

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Żyro T.

Studia Politologiczne

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2015

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vol. 37

93-107

EN

A basic question being addressed in the article concerns a peculiar moment when obligation enters into arena of the political. And thus, it becomes political obligations that adumbrates a new ideational dimension. An interesting cluster of ideas is located In the dimension. Ideas referring to political obligation we can find in Plato’s Crito. Origins of reflection upon the political obligation are laid down by Socrates in his last days before drinking hemlock. He poses several perennial questions that are of foundational nature. Laws organizing the political community, that since then we know as a ‘patria’, do not arrogate certain strictures. They rather corroborate citizens’ obedience. And whereby authority stems from them. Assuming the modern perspective the political obligation brings about otus that legitimizes civil disobedience. But ‘via antiqua’ presumes that it brings the order into human behavior and into community. And as such it is essential to the politics. Thus, legitimacy, authority, laws, justice, state delineate boundaries of the domain called the political where obligation constitutes the salient place.

2

O negliżowaniu władzy demoliberalnej

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Żyro T.

Studia Politologiczne

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2016

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vol. 41

17-36

EN

An article considers the topic of exposing political power in the system of liberal democracy up to the level being deprived of respect, authority, and obligation. The power is to be negligée by forces of contemporary civilization. Several scholars describe the problem as a process of growing transparency. It produced several problems that the democratic man be not ready to meet. If in modern liberal democracy prevails dogma transparency of power, depriving political institutions of serious status, factors constituting the political power transformed are essentially transformed.

3

Grecka tragedia, tragiczność a polityka

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Żyro T.

Horyzonty Polityki

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2010

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vol. 1

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issue 1

63-90

PL

Tomasz Żyro, Greek Tragedy, the Tragic, and PoliticsThis essay focuses on a proto-political reflection that emerged inAthens in the middle of 5th Century B.C. The intellectual context is clearand picturesque due to sophists’ activity, but also to the three generationsof Greek dramatists.As a point of departure for considering origins of the political anthropologythe Sophocles’ Antigone was used. It is worth remarkingthat it was an age of earnest optimism and of serious thinking. It wasthe age of Man, as some scholars are inclined to term. Athenians’ successin both military and naval warfare against the Persians at the beginningof the century (491-479 B.C.) was momentous. It provided apparentlycertain proof that the free institutions of the Athenian poliswere superior to any other kind of political organization.It also gave impetus for intellectual debates in Athens in which “sophistoi”and poets were taking essential part. The very important rolein debates accrues to dramatists. Whereas Aeschylus’ fame as a thinker,apart from his poetic and dramatic fame, must always rest more onhis theology than on his political ideas, which centre round a poet’sconception of dike and a belief that Zeus will punish the wicked and notallow the righteous to perish, Sophocles’ fame rests upon his interest inpolitical issues.Before the time of the analysis and synthesis, the classification andimaginary construction of the various possible forms of constitutionfor a polis was to become one of the chief concerns of Greek politicalphilosophers, Sophocles offered a very interesting discussion on originsof the state and “nature” of citizenship. His drama follows themost intricate debate in 5th century B.C. concerning relationships betweenthe “nature” (physis) and “laws” (nomoi).The essay ends with some conclusive remarks on further changes intreating the subject. As a point of references useful are St. Paul’s reflections,that overcame the realm of “nature” by introducing a concept ofgrace in understanding of man’s destiny, as well as Hobbes’ preliminarydisquisitions on the nature of man, that opened a chasm signifyingthe coming of modernity.

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Zobowiązanie a to, co polityczne

O negliżowaniu władzy demoliberalnej

Grecka tragedia, tragiczność a polityka