In his critical analysis of the issues of perpetual usufruct, Professor Jerzy Ignatowicz posedthree basic questions in this respect. The first question concerns the purposefulness of maintainingthe perpetual usufruct right or a similar property right in a market economy. Secondly, if theanswer to the first question is positive, the author discusses the purposefulness of replacing the perpetualusufruct right with a similar construction. Thirdly, if it is legitimate to maintain the perpetualusufruct in the Polish system of law, he suggests a discussion on the form of modifying the property right in question, so that it becomes more adapted to the current social and economic conditions thanso far, at the same time indicating a series of questions in this respect, addressed to the legislator.Professor Ignatowicz recognises the need to maintain the right of perpetual usufruct or a similarright. In noticing the drawbacks of the right in question, he stresses the importance of stability in thearea of property law, and consequently opts for maintaining the perpetual usufruct right, yet at thesame time stressing the necessity for its modification.Despite numerous amendments, to a large extent consistent with Professor Ignatowicz’s proposals,the perpetual usufruct right requires a number of changes to adapt this right even more thanso far, to the changed conditions of management, also in the area of fiscal property.The postulated changes aim towards the independence of the perpetual usufruct from administrativelaw regulations, its popularisation, not limiting its function to its otherwise limited aims, theregulation of neighbourly relations between holders of perpetual usufruct and proprietors, the questionof the protection of the perpetual usufruct right, the purposefulness of maintaining the hithertosolutions with regard to the status of buildings and appliances placed on the leased land or the sale ofthe right of perpetual usufruct, including the question of the entry in the land and mortgage registerupon the transfer of perpetual usufruct, and particularly the most delicate issue of the annual fee tobe paid by the holder of perpetual usufruct, or maintaining the statutory right of pre-emption of perpetualusufruct for the benefit of the gmina (municipality). Despite the lapse of time, the proposal tointroduce in the Civil Code the reference to the regulations on the content and exercise of ownershipaccordingly applying to the perpetual usufruct, is still valid.Professor J. Ignatowicz’s approach with regard to perpetual usufruct is a model of conduct ofa scholar who critically examines reality, yet at the same time searching for positive solutions toproblems. Professor supports evolutionary rather than revolutionary changes. Such approaches deserveto be popularised and supported as against the emerging tendencies to shift the legal discoursefrom the substantive level to the ideological one.
Przedmiotem rozważań jest kwestia odszkodowania w świetle postanowień Konstytucji RP i polskiego kodeksu cywilnego. Zasadniczo Konstytucja rozstrzyga kwestie odszkodowania za wywłaszczenie na cele publiczne, natomiast odszkodowanie przewidziane k.c. jest wyrazem realizacji idei sprawiedliwości, która jest jedną z zasad polskiego prawa prywatnego, zapewniająca naprawienie szkód wyrządzonych w dobrach i interesach przez prawo chronionych. Konstytucja mówi o słusznym odszkodowaniu, natomiast Kodeks cywilny o pełnym odszkodowaniu. Autor przekonuje, że różnice terminologiczne nie pozbawiają, uprawnionego do odszkodowania, tak w świetle Konstytucji jak i kodeksu cywilnego, do pełnej rekompensaty. Odwołując się do wskazanych sytuacji dowodzi, że tak jak zasada pełnego odszkodowania, nie jest regułą o absolutnym charakterze i ustawa dopuszcza zasądzenie odszkodowania na niższej wysokości niż poniesiona szkoda, to podobnie należy potraktować konstytucyjną zasadę słusznego odszkodowania. Dla zapewnienia satysfakcji podmiotowi pozbawionemu prawa w drodze wywłaszczenia proponuje wprowadzenie na grunt naszego prawa rozwiązania, w myśl którego, uprawniony niezadowolony z wysokości otrzymanej rekompensaty będzie mógł wystąpić do sądu powszechnego o weryfikację wielkości odszkodowania. Taki zabieg z jednej strony zabezpieczy interes publiczny w pozyskaniu prawa niezbędnego dla realizacji celu publicznego, a z drugiej ochronę osób dotkniętych wywłaszczeniem przed podmiot niezależny od uczestników postępowania wywłaszczeniowego.
EN
The article discusses the issue of compensation in the light of the provisions of the Polish Constitution and the Civil Code. The Constitution primarily deals with compensation for expropriation for public purposes, while the compensation provided in the Civil Code reflects the realization of the idea of justice, which is one of the fundamental principles of Polish private law, ensuring the compensation for the damage caused to rights and interests protected by law. The Constitution refers to just compensation, while the Civil Code speaks of full compensation. The author argues that these terminological differences do not deprive the entitled person, under both the Constitution and the Civil Code, of the right to full compensation. Referring to the situations discussed, the author demonstrates that, while the principle of full compensation is not an absolute rule and the law allows for compensation to be awarded at a lower amount than the actual damage, the same approach should apply to the constitutional principle of just compensation. To ensure satisfaction for individuals deprived of their rights through expropriation, the author proposes introducing a legal solution whereby an individual dissatisfied with the amount of compensation received could apply to a common court for a review of the compensation amount. This approach would, on the one hand, safeguard the public interest in acquiring the necessary rights to achieve a public purpose, while, on the other hand, protect those affected by expropriation through an independent body separate from the expropriation procedure participants.
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