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Kant on ethics and politics

100%
Ramet S. P.
Eastern Review
|
2019
|
vol. 8
183-199
EN
Best known for his ethical works, Immanuel Kant was part of the liberal Enlightenment and addressed most of the principal political issues of his day. Several of his major works were written in the wake of the storming of the Bastille in Paris, while Europe was engaged in the French Revolutionary Wars. His rejection of revolution but endorsement of the principles for which the French revolutionaries were fighting, as well as his plea for a federation of European states that would settle disputes peacefully, reflected his engagement with the controversies raised by the Revolution. But, although he could not countenance revolution, he declared that, once a revolutionary government has succeeded in establishing itself, citizens should obey the new government, rather than try to restore the ousted authorities.
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Muzyka rockowa a polityka w Polsce: Poetyka protestu i oporu w tekstach utworów rockowych

100%
Ramet S. P.
Civitas Hominibus. Rocznik filozoficzno-społeczny
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2018
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vol. 13
109-139
EN
The Polish rock and punk scene has served for decades as amedium for the expression of anti-establishment values. In the 1980s, during the dark days of martial law, groups such as Manaam, Perfect, TSA, and Brygada Kryzys variously mocked and satirised the communist authorities. Kryzys stopped playing in 1983 rather than work under the conditions of martial law, but was resurrected in 1990. Since the “big bang” of 1989, both the groups dominating the establishment and the nature of rock opposition have changed. Instead of communism, it is capitalism which is now seen by some rock and especially punk bands as “the enemy”. The Polish music scene has witnessed avariety of perspectives. They all reflect the dilemmas of modern Polish society with its inequalities, identity threats and polarisation.
PL
Polska scena rockowa i punkowa służyła przez dziesięciolecia jako medium wyrażania antysystemowych wartości. W latach 80. XX w., w czasie mrocznych dni stanu wojennego, grupy takie jak Manaam, Perfect, TSA i Brygada Kryzys szydziły i satyrycznie traktowały władze komunistyczne; ostatni z nich przestał grać w 1983 r., po wprowadzeniu stanu wojennego, ale został reaktywowany w 1990 r. Od czasu "wielkiego wybuchu" w 1989 r. zmienili się zarówno gracze związani z establishmentem, jak i natura opozycji rockowej. Zamiast komunizmu, obecnie kapitalizm jest postrzegany jako główne wyzwanie, przede wszystkim przez niektóre rockowe i punkowe zespoły. Polska scena muzyczna jest zatem miejscem występowania różnorodnych perspektyw ideologicznych i muzycznych. Wszystkie odzwierciedlają dylematy współczesnego polskiego społeczeństwa z jego nierównościami, wyzwaniami tożsamościowymi i polaryzacją.
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Hegel, revolution, and the rule of law

100%
Ramet S. P.
Eastern Review
|
2020
|
vol. 9
9-31
EN
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was one of the philosophic giants of the nineteenth century. Well versed in both ancient and more recent philosophical tracts, he rejected the individualism of Hobbes and Locke, as well as their notion that the state was an agency set up in the first place to protect life and property, and, drawing inspiration from Aristotle, outlined a vision of the state as an agency bound, in the first place, to protect the weak and the powerless. Hegel further rejected Kant’s individualistic ethics and counseled that ethical behavior had to be understood as taking place in a social context, with real duties toward other people. For Hegel, an individual had rights and duties within the context of the family, in the community, and, as a citizen, vis-à-vis the state. He emphasized the network of duties in which each individual finds himself, urging political moderation and concern for the good of the entire community. He has been condemned as a proto-totalitarian, lauded as a democrat of sorts, and described variously as liberal, anti-liberal, authoritarian, conservative-monarchist, and constitutionalist. This essay will argue that Hegel came to champion a constitutional-legal order (Rechtsstaat) under an autocratic monarch, with protection for liberal values. The absolute authority of the monarch, thus, was limited to those powers which he needed in order to advance and protect the interests of the citizens of the realm.
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