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Argument interpretacyjny odwołujący się do woli rzeczywistego prawodawcy

100%
Borowicz J.
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
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2009
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vol. LXXIX (79)
9-28
EN
The article focuses on the interpretative argument which appeals to the intentions of the participants of the legislative process in order to explain the meaning of legal texts. The author describes differences between the argument based on the intentions of the real lawgiver and the approach to legal interpretation based on the idea of the rationality of lawgiver. The main difference concerns ideal character of the presuppositons about the rationality of lawgiver contrasted with the approach concentrated on the attempt to discover actual intentions of the participants of the legislative process. The author also describes normative and conceptual arguments concerning interpretation of law based on the intentions of the real, historical lawgiver. It is argued that this approach to the legal interpretation is justified but should not be treated as one of many valid interpretative arguments which should be weighed against each other. The article contains also an example of the use of the above interpretative argument dicussed above.
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Pracodawca nieustalający regulaminu pracy i jego poszerzony obowiązek informacyjny (art. 29 § 3 k.p.)

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Borowicz J.
Przegląd Prawa i Administracji
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2015
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vol. 100
689-698
EN
In accordance with Art. 29 § 3 of the Labour Code, every employer must inform the employee in writing, not later than seven days from the date of the contract of employment, of the following work details: 1) the employee’s applicable standard daily and weekly working time, 2) frequency of payment for the work, 3) the duration of annual leave, 4) the length of the period of notice, 5) a collective agreement, under which the employee is covered. These categories of information are transmitted to the employee under the basic information obligation. In addition, under this provision, when the employer is not required to establish work regulations, they should also inform the employees about the night time hours of work, place, date and time of payment of wages, and adopted method of confirming the arrival and presence of employees at work and regulations to justify absences from work. In the article, the author examines the scope of the obligation to provide information about some of the conditions of employment, forms and ways of communicating this information to the employee and the legal nature of the written information about some of the conditions of employment.
3

Remarks on the legal status of a lab diagnostician

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Borowicz J.
Prawo
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2013
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issue 315/1
EN
The analysis of the occupation of a lab diagnostician makes it clear that the job possesses lots of features characteristic of the so-called free professions. According to the author of the article, this cannot be ignored while analyzing the legal status of the job. What deserves a special attention, is the fact that the job of a lab diagnostician shares also the features of “the profession of public trust” mentioned in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. At the same time we can agree that the job of a lab diagnostician has some features which differentiate it from a lot of typical, traditional free professions — e.g. the profession of a physician. What deserves a special attention is the problem of relations between a diagnostician and a physician in the diagnostic and preventive proceedings and in the screening of the therapy. In light of the legal regulations it is the physician conducting the therapy that decides on the ultimate set of the commissioned tests. It means that in this area the lab diagnostician is the physician’s subordinate. Moreover, if a lab diagnostician performs his job as an employee as it is defined in the Labour Code, it will be his duty to carry out the orders of his employer, concerning the venue and the time of his professional activity. If we make an attempt to classify a profession of a lab diagnostician, we should not forget about the “mixed free professions.” These are jobs which do not fully meet the criteria serving to define a free profession. As far as medicine and health service are concerned, there appear doubts concerning the job of a chemist/pharmacist, or nurses and midwives. It should be acknowledged that it is also the case when it comes to the occupation of a lab diagnostician — we have here the activity typical of free professions on the one hand, and of sole proprietorship on the other, and a work of an employee as well. Thus, the occupation of a lab diagnostician can be treated as a “mixed free profession” or “limited free profession,” as understood in relevant Polish literature.
4
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Sytuacja prawna inspektora ochrony danych zatrudnionego w ramach stosunku pracy — wybrane zagadnienia

100%
Borowicz J.
Przegląd Prawa i Administracji
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2020
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vol. 120
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issue Tom 2
573 - 589
PL
Przepisy art. 37 ust. 1 rozporządzenia (UE) 2016/679 Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady z dnia 27 kwietnia 2016 roku w sprawie ochrony osób fizycznych w zakresie przetwarzania danych osobowych i swobodnego przepływu tych danych oraz uchylającego dyrektywę 95/46/WE (RODO) nakładają na wymienione w nim kategorie administratorów danych i podmiotów przetwarzających dane obowiązek wyznaczania inspektora ochrony danych. Zgodnie z przepisami art. 37 ust. 6 RODO inspektor ochrony danych może być członkiem personelu administratora lub podmiotu przetwarzającego lub wykonywać zadania na podstawie umowy o świadczenie usług. Ani przepisy RODO, ani obowiązująca ustawa z dnia 10 maja 2018 roku o ochronie danych osobowych nie określają formy prawnej zatrudnienia inspektora ochrony danych jako członka personelu tych podmiotów. Należy zatem przyjąć, że jest on zatrudniany na podstawie umowy o pracę jako pracownik w rozumieniu przepisów ustawy z dnia 26 czerwca 1974 roku Kodeks pracy. Przepisy RODO określają szczególne miejsce inspektora w strukturze organizacyjnej podmiotu, w którym przetwarzane są dane osobowe. Podlegać ma on bezpośrednio najwyższemu kierownictwu tego podmiotu (na przykład kierownikowi jednostki organizacyjnej lub osobie fizycznej będącej administratorem danych osobowych). Inspektor ochrony danych osobowych zachowuje szeroką autonomię w zakresie wykonywania przypisanych mu przez prawo obowiązków, pracodawca zaś jest zobowiązany zapewnić mu niezależność w związku z ich wykonywaniem, powstrzymując się od wydawania mu instrukcji dotyczących wykonywania tych zadań. Na mocy przepisów prawa następuje zatem ograniczenie możliwości zarządzania pracą inspektora ochrony danych przez wydawanie mu poleceń dotyczących pracy. Z tego względu należy uznać, że inspektor ochrony danych jest zatrudniony w ramach tak zwanego nietypowego stosunku pracy.
EN
In accordance with the provisions of Article 37(1) of the Regulation (Eu) 2016/679 Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 27th April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation — GDPR) the controller and the processor shall designate a data protection officer in any case where: a) the processing is carried out by a public authority or body, except for courts acting in their judicial capacity; (b) the core activities of the controller or the processor consist of processing operations which, by virtue of their nature, their scope and/or their purposes, require regular and systematic monitoring of data subjects on a large scale; or (c) the core activities of the controller or the processor consist of processing on a large scale of special categories of data pursuant to Article 9 GDPR and personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences referred to in Article 10 GDPR. In other cases, the designation of a data protection officer is the right of the personal data administrators or processors. In accordance with the provisions of Article 37(6) GDPR the data protection officer may be a staff member of the controller or processor, or fulfil the tasks on the basis of a service contract. Neither GDPR nor the Polish Law of 10th May 2018 on the Protection of Personal Data define the legal form for the employment of data protection officer. It must therefore be assumed that he may be employed under a contract of employment as an employee within the meaning of the provisions of the Polish Labour Code. The provisions of the GDPR specify specific tasks of the data protection officer and designate a special position in the organisational structure of the entity in which personal data are processed. The data protection officer reports directly to the highest management level of the controller or the processor (e.g. head of the organisational unit or to a natural person that is the administrator of personal data). The data protection officer, in the exercise of his tasks of law retains a wide autonomy and independence in the workplace and the employer is obliged to provide him with independence in connection with the performance of his tasks. The controller and processor shall ensure that the data protection officer does not receive any instructions regarding the exercise of those tasks. The main consequence of this is reducing the possibility of managing the work of the data protection officer by using the commands of the employer. It should be considered that the data protection officer is employed in an atypical employment relationship.
5
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The relationship between antibiotic therapy in early childhood and the symptoms of allergy in children aged 6–8 years - the questionnaire study results

27%
Raciborski F., Tomaszewska A., Komorowski J., Samel-Kowalik P., Białoszewski A. Z., Walkiewicz A., Lusawa A., Szymański J., Opoczyńska D., Drużba M., Borowicz J., Lipiec A., Kapalczynski W. J., Samoliński B.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2012
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vol. 25
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issue 4
470-480
EN
Introduction: Studies based on the ISAAC questionnaire suggest a correlation between the use of antibiotics and the prevalence of asthma and allergy in children aged 6-7 years. The number of courses of antibiotic therapy is an important factor. Objectives: To investigate the relationship between the use of antibiotics during the fi rst years of life and the prevalence of allergy and asthma among children (aged 6-8 years) in the urban population of Poland. Materials and Methods: A survey-based study with a self-completed questionnaire. The respondents were parents of children aged 6-8 years living in Warszawa, Poland. 1461 completed questionnaires were collected. Results: Asthma was declared in 4.3% of the children. Wheezing and/or sibilant rhonchi within 12 months before the study was observed in 13.5% of the cases. Asthma medication was taken by 21.8% of the children. Allergic rhinitis was declared in 18.7% of the children. Problems with sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal congestion not associated with cold or fever were observed in 40.7% of the children. The a nalysis of the odds ratios between the use of antibiotics and the symptoms of allergic diseases revealed a clear correlation. The highest odds ratio was observed between the completion of over three courses of antibiotic therapy prior to the age of 12 months and the declaration of one of the following: asthma (OR = 5.59, 95% CI: 2.6-12.01), wheezing and/or sibilant rhonchi (OR = 4.68, 95% CI: 3.01-7.27) and taking medicines for breathlessness (OR = 5.12, 95% CI: 3.42-7.68). Conclusions: There is a direct relationship between antibiotic use in the fi rst 3 years of life and asthma and allergy symptoms in children aged 6-8 years old.
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