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1

Republika czy kryptomonarchia? Pozycja ustrojowa głowy państwa w systemie rządów Samoa

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Eska-Mikołajewska J.

Prawo i Polityka

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2019

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issue 9

63-86

EN

The author analyses the political position of the head of state of Samoa. Referring the Samoan system of government to the other eleven sovereign states of the South Pacific, it should be considered as an exception as the one which has not been clearly defined yet. Samoa has a mixed system of government that combines elements derived from the Westminster tradition with the native system of political and social organisation serving as the foundation for a local government. The presentation of the head of state in Samoa was done in the light of constitutional provisions along with an indication of the mechanisms determining the position of this office in political practice. The presentation of the above issues required an institutional and legal analysis as well as a critical analysis and a descriptive method. This analysis allowed to indicate that in the evolutionary process of constitutional development, some elements that may have so far moved towards recognising this microstate as a constitutional monarchy have been redefined. The introduction of republican methods of exercising executive authority supports calling the head of state of Samoa president.

2

Odejście od modelu westminsterskiego: Konstytucyjny i międzynarodowy Status Kiribati

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Eska-Mikołajewska J.

Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie

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2017

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vol. 22

19-35

EN

British political practice has played a key role in shaping the political and legal systems of the nations of the Commonwealth. Among the Commonwealth member states are Kiribati, which became the subject of interest in the British Empire in the second half of the 18th century. White colonizers at the end of the 19th century took over the protectorate over the islands, which in 1916 was converted into a British colony. In the mid-1970s, the colonies split into two parts. Independent status of Kiribati was proclaimed definitively in 1979. Considering the international aspect, it has been a sovereign member of the United Nations since 1999. On the other hand, on the basis of constitutional solutions, like many other states that were once part of the British colonial Empire, Kiribati adopted and implemented the foundations of the Westminster model of democracy. Through the evolution of the system, gradually moved away from the traditional pattern, giving way to other concepts of government and politics. However, there is no justification for Kiribati’s complete denial of the original assumptions of the Westminster model of governance for other constitutional solutions. It will be more convincing to conclude that Kiribati now has a mixed system of government: it has got the elements drawn on the British tradition as well as taken from the presidential system.

3

Ruchy ekstremistyczne i radykalizm w Australii na tle napięć między polityką wielokulturowości a dominacją kultury anglosaskiej

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Eska-Mikołajewska J.

Nowa Polityka Wschodnia

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2022

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issue 3(34)

106-130

RU

В мультикультурной Австралии каждый, независимо от языка, национальности или культуры, имеет право открыто выражать свое мнение. Тем не менее, несмотря на официальную приверженность к разнообразию, современное австралийское общество продолжает испытывать противоречия между политикой мультикультурности и доминированием англосаксонского культурного наследия. Правые политики описали мультикультурализм как предвестник социального конфликта, который может привести к этническому разделению Австралии. После событий 11 сентября 2001 г. были введены правила, расширяющие перечень инструментов, используемых полицией и правоохранительными органами для эффективного предотвращения актов насильственного экстремизма. Эти ограничения гражданских свобод используются ультраправыми движениями Австралии в качестве аргумента для подрыва доверия к «репрессивной» политике правительства. Пандемия Covid-19 и ее последствия также выявили негативные сдвиги в ландшафте жестокого австралийского экстремизма. Это поднимает вопрос о том, насколько серьезной может быть угроза национальной безопасности, когда австралийский национализм останется неконтролируемым, способным трансформироваться в расово и религиозно исключающие идеи принадлежности к обществу. В статье показано, что неспособность решительно отреагировать на продолжающийся подрыв доверия к демократическим институтам и использование трещин в социальной сплоченности может привести к тому, что Австралия больше не будет считаться защитником принципов либеральной демократии. Вместо этого она будет считаться «колониальным бастионом белых поселенцев» и такая слабая расовая репутация страны, несомненно, затруднит Австралии возможность сотрудничать во все более напряженной региональной геополитической среде в будущем.

EN

In multicultural Australia everyone, regardless of language, nationality or culture, has the right to express themselves openly. However, despite its official commitment to diversity, contemporary Australian society continues to experience tensions between multicultural politics and the domination of Anglo-Saxon cultural heritage. Right-wing politicians have described multiculturalism as a harbinger of a social conflict that would lead to an ethnically divided Australia. Following the events of September 11, 2001, some regulations were introduced to expand the catalog of tools used by the police and law enforcement agencies to effectively prevent acts of violent extremism. These restrictions on civil liberties are being used by Australian extreme-right movements as an argument to undermine confidence in the government’s “oppressive” policies. The Covid-19 pandemic and its effects has also revealed negative shifts in the landscape of brutal Australian extremism. This raises the question of how serious danger to the national security could an Australian nationalism be left unchecked, capable of transforming into racially and religiously excluding ideas of belonging to society. The paper shows that failure to react decisively to the continued undermining of trust in democratic institutions and exploiting the cracks in social cohesion may lead to Australia no longer being perceived as a defender of the principles of liberal democracy. Instead, it will come to be regarded as a „colonial bastion of white settlers,” and such a poor racial reputation of the country will undoubtedly make it difficult for Australia to navigate in an increasingly tense regional geopolitical environment in the future.

4

Znaczenie relacji z Australią i Nową Zelandią w ramach pobrexitowego zaangażowania Zjednoczonego Królestwa w regionie Indo-Pacyfiku

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Eska-Mikołajewska J.

Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie

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2023

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vol. 1(37)

138-156

EN

In the geopolitical situation in which Great Britain found itself after its withdrawal from the European Union in 2020, it was necessary to develop a new foreign and security policy strategy. The flagship concept of ‘Global Britain’ assumes the reorientation of the United Kingdom outside Europe and greater involvement in the security architecture of the Indo-Pacific region. The article examines to what extent the intention to strengthen relations with as likeminded partners in the Indo-Pacific region coincides with the assumptions of Australian and New Zealand policies. It has been shown that the former British dominions, which are part of the so-called Anglosphere, have been given a vital role in securing the UK’s position as a world leader. From the perspectives of the national interest of both countries, rebuilding ties with the former empire is considered an important strategic element, although giving it a priority in the current geopolitical realities is not possible. Australia and New Zealand put special emphasis on developing cooperation with the Indo-Pacific countries.

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Republika czy kryptomonarchia? Pozycja ustrojowa głowy państwa w systemie rządów Samoa

Odejście od modelu westminsterskiego: Konstytucyjny i międzynarodowy Status Kiribati

Ruchy ekstremistyczne i radykalizm w Australii na tle napięć między polityką wielokulturowości a dominacją kultury anglosaskiej

Znaczenie relacji z Australią i Nową Zelandią w ramach pobrexitowego zaangażowania Zjednoczonego Królestwa w regionie Indo-Pacyfiku