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EN
The aim of the paper is to point out certain analogies between de Saussure’s theoretical reflection on the ontic properties of expressions and the corresponding old Chinese and Indian concepts. Following a review of de Saussure’s ideas, the author proceeds to present their Eastern analogues. The main focus is turned to the fact that the Chinese Moists as well as the Indian grammarians and philosophers elicited proportion as the key to the understanding of the mechanism of language. The Sanscrit grammarians, the philosophers of Mīmāṃsa as well as, most probably, Gongsun Long in China saw clearly the invariant and non-material nature of expressions. The Buddhist logicians and the Moists also pointed to the oppositional character of expressions as constitutive for language.
EN
The aim of the paper is to examine the beginning of the Romantic turn as regards the relation between language, thought and reality. The author claims that Kant’s critical philosophy played an important role. First, Kant's philosophy had a conservative influence: the categories presented in the Critique of Pure Reason led scholars to seek for universal notions in diverse languages more intensively. But, secondly, it engendered the objection of Hamann and Herder, which led to the explicit formulation of the thesis of how language influences thinking. Thirdly, in spite of their „metacriticism” of Kant, it was due to the transcendental turn that Hamann and Herder could consider the relation between language and reality. And last but not least, Kant's teleological conceptions gave a frame for the Romantic theory of language as organism, which subsequently evolved into the modern system approach.
PL
W tekście podjęto kwestię relacji między wolnością, prawdą i dialogiem, próbując ustalić, co sprawia, że obecność dialogu stanowi objaw zdrowia społecznego. Rozpatruje się przy tym mowę w jej funkcji poznawczej, traktowanej jako funkcja elementarna. Zwykłe funkcjonowanie mowy oraz istotę dialogu upatruje się przy tym po pierwsze w możliwości zaprzeczania, która wiąże się z koniecznym istnieniem ontycznej różnorodności bytów oraz z wyróżnikiem istoty mówiącej jako panującej nad alternatywami. Wszystko to funduje wolność w jej najbardziej podstawowym rozumieniu. Drugim czynnikiem, który trzeba wziąć pod uwagę, by zrozumieć, czym jest dialog w jego fundamentach, jest potrzeba prawdy i konieczność jakichś realizacji prawdy. Te dwa elementy widziane łącznie – możliwość zaprzeczania i potrzeba prawdy – pokazują, że ostatecznym gwarantem prawdy w każdym konkretnym wypadku jest sam mówiący, a gwarancja, którą swym mówieniem daje, to zobowiązanie do działań niesprzecznych z wypowiadaną treścią. Ten moment osobistego, wolnego odniesienia do zawsze wspólnej prawdy pokazuje, w jaki sposób w dialogu budowana jest tożsamość osobowa. Dodatkowo wyjaśnia się, jak to się dzieje, że wraz z każdym nowym powiedzeniem może pojawić się nowy sens.
EN
The article discusses the problem of relations between freedom, truth and the dialogue, and tries to establish what makes the presence of the dialogue to be a symptom of social health. Here speech is being considered in its cognitive function taken as an elementary one. Ordinary functioning of speech and the essence of the dialogue is being seen, first, in the possibility of denial, that is connected with necessary existence of ontic diversity of beings and with the trait of the speaking being as mastering over alternatives. All this conditions are at the base of freedom in its most primary meaning. The second factor that must be considered while trying to understand what constitutes the dialogue in its essence is the need for truth and the necessity of some realisations of truth. These two elements, taken jointly – the possibility of denial and the need for truth – show that the final warrantor of truth is the speaker herself/himself, and the warranty that she/he is giving as speaking is the obligation to act in accordance with her/his statement(-s). This moment of the personal, free reference to always common truth shows how personal identity is being built in the dialogue. Additionally it becomes clear how a new sense can arise with any new statement.
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